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HUBS191 Human Movement and Sensation > Brain and skull > Flashcards

Brain and skull Flashcards

1
Q

number of skull bones

A
  • 28:
  • 8 cranium
  • 14 facial
  • 6 ear
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2
Q

external bones of face

A
  • 2 zygomatic (cheek bones)
  • 2 maxillary (each side of nose)
  • 1 mandible (jaw)
  • 2 nasal (base of nose)
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3
Q

suture

A
  • joints between cranial bones
  • interdigitate so minimal movement
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4
Q

8 bones of skull (7 external, 1 internal)

A
  • frontal (1 at front)
  • 2 parietal (1 on either side on top in middle)
  • occipital (1 at back)
  • 2 temporal (1 on either side at bottom of cranium)
  • sphenoid (1 directly behind face spanning both sides)
  • ethmoid bone (internal)
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5
Q

3 sutures

A
  1. coronal suture - frontal and parietal
  2. lambdoidal suture - occipital and parietal
  3. squamous suture - temporal and parietal
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6
Q

fontanelle

A
  • gaps between sutures
  • not joined at birth to allow growth
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7
Q

3 meninges

A

1) dura mater 2) arachnoid 3) pia mater

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8
Q

dura mater

A
  • Outer-most layer of meninges
  • Dense and fibrous – tough
  • Two layers - Inner layer forms the dural reflections
  • Space between the layers forms venous sinuses
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9
Q

3 Dural reflections

A
  1. Falx cerebri -  separates cerebral hemispheres -  median plane
  2. Falx cerebelli - separates cerebellar hemispheres - median plane
  3. Tentorium cerebelli - separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum - horizontal plane
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10
Q

venous sinus

A
  • Form between outer and inner layers
  • Venous drainage from the brain
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11
Q

arachnoid

A
  • Layer beneath the dura mater
  • Contains blood vessels
  • Does not extend into sulci (‘valleys’)
  • sits of spidery legs creating sub-arachnoid space
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12
Q

Subarachnoid space

A
  • Between the arachnoid and the pia mater
  • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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13
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A
  • Perforate the dura
  • Transport “old” CSF from subarachnoid space into venous sinus
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14
Q

Pia mater

A
  • Transparent and delicate
  • Blood vessels in arachnoid sit on top of pia mater
  • Adheres to brain and follows gyri and sulci
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15
Q

meninges of spinal cord

A

cover spinal cord is same way as brain

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16
Q

ventricular system

A
  • Network of interconnected “spaces” within the brain
  • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which nourishes and protects the brain
  • CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, which lines the ventricles
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17
Q

CSF

A

nourishes and protects brain

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18
Q

choroid plexus

A

produces CSF

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19
Q

ventricular system

A
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20
Q

Circulation of the CerebroSpinal Fluid

A
  • Circulates through ventricles and subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord
  • Route:
  1. Lateral ventricle
  2. 3rd ventricle
  3. cerebral aqueduct
  4. 4th ventricle
  5. subarachnoid space
21
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • caused by abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain
  • Leads to increased intracranial pressure inside the skull,
  • Progressive enlargement of the head,
  • Other symptoms include convulsion, tunnel vision, mental disability.
22
Q

lobes, sulci and gyri of brain

A
23
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

vision

24
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

sensory

25
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

memory and hearing

26
Q

function of posterior front lobe

A

motor

27
Q

function of anterior frontal lobe

A

pre-frontal cortex

28
Q
A
29
Q

function of pre-motor cortex

A

planning of movement

30
Q

function of primary motor cortex (post-central gyrus)

A

execution of movement

31
Q

function of pre-frontal cortex and effect of damage

A
  • Decision making
  • Anticipating consequences of our actions
  • Emotion
  • Damage can change “who we are”
  • Development may be altered by alcohol
  • Involved in mental illnesses that change who we are, e.g. schizophrenia
32
Q

division of brain

A
33
Q

brainstem anatomy ventral view

A
34
Q

3 types of white matter in brain

A
  1. commissural tracts
  2. projections tracts
  3. association tracts
35
Q
A
36
Q

commissural tracts

A
  • Axons cross from side to side; go both ways.
  • Example: Corpus callosum
37
Q

projection tracts

A
  • axons extend between cortex and other CNS areas
  • e.g. corticospinal tract
38
Q

association tracts

A
  • axons on same side within cerebral cortex
  • communication between brain areas
  • Example: communication between motor cortex and premotor cortex
39
Q

Primary motor cortex organisation

A

Specific regions of the motor cortex control specific regions of the body

40
Q

corticospinal tract

A
  • descending somatic motor tract
  • Controls activity of somatic (efferent) motor neuron
  • Cell bodies (EFFERENT) in primary motor cortex
  • Most fibres cross to opposite side in medulla oblongata
  • Axons descend until spinal cord
  • Synapse in spinal cord (ventral horn)
41
Q

Parietal lobe function

A
  • Somatosensory
  • Integration of multiple types of sensory information
  • Association
42
Q

Simple somatic sensory (afferent) pathway

A
43
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

• Specific regions of the somatosensory cortex receive sensory information

44
Q
A
45
Q

integration between motor and sensory systems - role of cerebellum

A
  1. Motor cortex initiates movement
  2. Copy of instructions sent to cerebellum
  3. Some sensory information goes to the cerebellum = information about actual movement
  4. Cerebellum compares this info with copy of motor output
  5. “Adjusts” motor output for COORDINATION
  • The cerebellum coordinates movement, guided by sensory feedback.
46
Q

5 nuclei of basal ganglia

A
  1. caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
  4. subthalamic nucleus
  5. substantia nigra
47
Q

basal ganglia function

A
  • In a brain circuit that also involves other structures
  • Select an appropriate movement for a given situation
  • Initiate movement
  • Terminate movement
48
Q

5 nuclei of Basal Ganglia

A
  1. caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
  4. subthalamic nucleus
  5. substantia nigra
49
Q

function of basal ganglia

A
  • selects an appropriate movement for a given situation
  • initiate movement
  • terminate movement

HUBS191 Human Movement and Sensation (4 decks)

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