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Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Frontal Lobe -Overview and Primary Cortex

A
  • Personality, Emotional behaviour and complex thinking
  • expression of personality/expression of emotions
  • Primary Motor Cortex
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2
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Specifically involved in controlling voluntary movements through its control of skeletal muscles

  • in frontal lobe
  • Left controls right, right controls left
  • different area in motor cortex designated to a specific body part
  • finer movement (tongue, mouth) have a larger area than those with less control (thigh, forehead)
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3
Q

Association Area of Frontal Lobe

A

Receives and processes information from other lobes to enable us to perform complex mental functions

-planning, estimating, meanings of things

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4
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Has a crucial role in the production of articulate speech; that is, speech that is clear and fluent. It involve coordinating movements of the muscles required for speech and supplying this information to the appropriate motor cortex areas.

  • Left Hemisphere of the Frontal Lobe
  • Also involved with word meanings and sentence structure
  • grammatical structure
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5
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Receives and processes sensory information from the body and skin senses and other sensory areas of the brain

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6
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cotex

A

Receives and processes information from the skin and body, enabling to perceive bodily party sensations

  • Eg temp, pain, pressure, touch
  • different area of somatosensory cortex are allocated to different body parts
  • the more sensitive a body part the greater the allocated area in the somatosensory cortex
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7
Q

Association Area of the Parietal Lobe

A

Receives and integrates information from within the lobe and other areas of the brain to enable us the sense the position of our body in space by integrating information about the body’s limbs and information about what we see and hear

  • spatial reasoning
  • where an object is in our environment
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8
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Is primarily involved with auditory perception but also plays an important role in memory; in aspects of visual perception such as our ability to identify objects and recognise faces, and in our emotional responses to sensory information and memories

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9
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Receives and processes sounds and its features

-frequency -amplitude

Verbal Sounds (words)- processed in the auditory cortex in the left hemisphere

Non-Verbal Sounds (music)- processed in the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere

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10
Q

Association Area of the Temporal Lobe

A

Memory

  • linking emotions to memories
  • determining appropirate emotional responses
  • Object identification
  • what an object is
  • facial recognition
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11
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Has a crucial role in comprehension of speech; that is, interpreting the sounds of human speech.

  • located in the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere
  • understanding words
  • -locating appropriate words from memory
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12
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Primarily involved in vision

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13
Q

Primary visual cortex

A
  • where information from our eyes is sent and perceived
  • Left half of each eye is sent to right hemisphere
  • Right half of each eye is sent to left hemisphere
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14
Q

Association Area of Occipital Lobe

A

-selects, organises and integrates visual information interacts with the rest of the brain so visual information is organised and meaningful

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15
Q

Hemispheric Specialisation

A

The idea that one hemisphere has specialized functions or exerts greater control over a particular function

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16
Q

Cerebral Hemishperes

A
  • 2 almost symmetrical halves seperated by a deep groove connected by fibres inluding the corpus callosum
  • Left controls, receives and processes information from the rights side and vice versa
  • alike in structure and where things are located
  • have different functions(see hemispheric specialisation)
  • DO NOT FUNCTION INDEPENDANTLY
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16
Q

Corpus Callossum

A

Band of nerve tissue that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and serves as th main communication pathway between them

  • as the two hemispheres don’t function independently they need a way to connect
  • acts as a bridge that exchanges information
  • not the only connection b/w the two hemispheres
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16
Q

Hemispheric Specialisation

A

The idea that one hemisphere has specialised function or exerts greater control over a particular function

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17
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Verbal: Involving the use or recognition of words

  • reading, writing, speaking, understanding speach

Analytical: Involves breaking down a task into its key partsand approaching it in a sequential way

  • LOGICAL REASONING
  • solve maths problems, cook roast
  • develop and argument
  • formulating a plan
  • develponing an argument

Behavioural: Controls and processes the left hand side of the body

18
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Non Verbal Functionings: functions that are not dependent on language skills

  • Spatial and visual thinking
  • Eg. jigsaw puzzles, reading a map, visualising, FACIAL RECOGNITION, music appreciation
  • Creative thinking, daydreaming
  • recognising emotions
  • discovering overall themes
21
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The CNS doesn;t have direct contact with the outside world an therfore relies on peripheral nervous system to provde it with information about the external world and internal environment.

  • Has 2 main functions
    • carry onformation from sensory and internal organs to the CNS
    • to convey information form the CNS to muscles, organs and glands
22
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • A subdivision of the PNS that controls the skeletal muscles attached to our bones
  • neurotransmitters send neural messages from neurons to our muscles, enabaling us to perform voluntary actions
  • muscles are completely inactive in the absence of neural input
  • Initiates activty of muscles
23
Q

Autonomic Nervous Systems

A

A network of nerves that connect the CNS to the body’s internal organs and glands proiding feedback to the brain about their activities

  • called autonomic as many of its processes are self regulating (automatic)
  • have built in mechanisms so they work w/o stimulus from the brain
    • functions continusously no matter how alert we are
  • ANS regulates our gland activity
24
Q

Biofeedback

A

Biofeedback is a process by which a person recieves information about the state of an internal bodily activity that normally occurs automatically and then uses thought processes to exert control over that activity

  • good for managing many things
    • high BP, headaches
25
Q

Subdivision of Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
    *
26
Q

Define

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The part of the ANS that activates internal muscles, organs and glands to prepare the body for vigorous activity or the doeal with stressful or threatening situations

27
Q

Info on Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • In emergency, neurons in Sympathetic NS activade and make needed areas of the body respond
    • Adrenal Glands above Kindey
  • Hormones circulate and enhanve our body
  • Activates glands in preperation for dealing with potential emergency
28
Q

Physiological Responses of Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • HR, BP, Breathing increase
    • more oxygen being taken in to convert fats/sugars to energy
  • Pupils Dilate
    • enhances vision
  • Sweat production increases
    • cools the body
  • Digestive system slows
    • not needed
  • Responsible for goosebumps/ hairs standing on end
    • conserves warmth if needed
  • Salivary glands decrease
  • Breathing increases
  • Hr Raises
  • Inestine/stomach- decreasescontractions
  • Gall Bladder- inhibits release of bile
  • Liver-increases release of sugar
  • adrenal gland
    • stimulates secreetion in adrenalin/noradrenalin
    • incr hr/bp etc
  • bladder relaxes
29
Q

Define

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Keeps the systems of the body functioning efficiently and, in times of minimal stress and the absence of threats, helps to maintain the internal body environment in a steady balanced state of normal functioning

  • Homeostasis
30
Q

Effects of Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Restores body and counterbalances affects of Sypathetic NS

  • lowers HR, BP
  • minimises sugar release

Takes longer to return to normal after Parasympathetic due to ‘left over’ hormones

  • Pupils
    • contracts
  • Lungs
    • contract
  • Heart
    • slows heart rate
  • Stomach
    • increases contractions
  • gall bladder
    • increases secretion of bile
  • Liver
    • decreases release of glucose
  • Adrenal Glands
    • inhibits hormone secretion
  • bladder
    • contracts
31
Q

Identify and Label Neuron

A

Interneuron

32
Q

Identify and Label Neuron

A

Motorneuron

33
Q

Identify and Label Neuron

A

Sensory Neuron

34
Q

Sensory Neurons

A
  • AKA Afferent Neurons
  • Picks up sensory information from muscles, organs and glands
  • transmits sensory information throught the PNS to the spinal cord
  • travels up on of 31 ascending tracts to brain
  • processed
35
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • Efferent Neuron
  • after processing, carries motor neural messages to the spine
  • down one of 31 descending tracts
  • to PNS to part of the body
  • contracts muscles to move

Receive and act on messages recieved from interneurons

36
Q

Interneurons

A
  • As afferent and efferent neurons rarely connect, acts as a bridge/translator
  • only exist in CNS
    • Mostly in Brain, some in spinal cord
37
Q

Define Cerebral Cortex

A

Cerebral Cortex is involved with information-processing activities such as

  • Perception
  • Language
  • Learning
  • Memory
  • Thinking
  • Problem-Solving
  • Planning
  • Control
  • Movements

Perry Loves Lucy More THan Perry-Says

Perhaps COx’s Mean

38
Q

Info about Cerebral Cortex

A

Three main areas/catagories

  • Sensory Cortex
  • Motor Cortex
  • Association Area

Higher the Cerebral Cortex, the more capable that being is of higher mental functions/ intelligence

We know about what, not about how

39
Q

Define Aphasia

A

Aphasia is a general tem used to describe those with a language disorder. More specifically, it refers to language disorders apparent in speach, writing or reading produced by injury to the brain specialised for these functions

40
Q

Catagories of Aphasia

A

Fluent Aphasia

  • Speech is fluent but there is difficulty comprehending spoken words or in the repitition of words/phrases by others

Non-Fluent Aphasia

  • Difficulty Articulating speech but auditory comprehension is fine (eg. Broca’s Aphasia)

Pure Aphasia

  • Difficulty in reading, writing or recognition of words
41
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Where a person has difficulty speaking although they continue to understand speech

  • Also called Non-Fluent Aphasia
  • Damage to Broca’s Area
  • V. Short Sentences (3-4 words)
  • short words and word endings are ommitted
    • and, to, the, ing, ed
  • Can become confused when word order is changed
    • Comprehension/grammar
  • Aware of language difficulites
  • Deaf have trouble w/ sign language
42
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

A type of aphasia in which the person has considerable difficulty comprehending speach and speaking in a meaningful way.

  • Fluent Aphasia
  • Speech is fluent and grammatically correct but content is odd and non-sensical
  • little or no conscious understandng of what is being said
  • Due to damage to Wernicke’s Area (stroke)
43
Q

Spatial Neglect

A

An attentional disorder in which the invidual fails to notice anything either on their left or right side. They tend to behave as if that one side of their world does not exist.

  • Caused by Stroke/Accident
  • Usually damage to right Parietal Lobe
    • cannot see left side
  • sometimes neglect right w/ damage to left hemisphere
    • Less Common
  • Usually Visual
    • can be touch, hearing, movement
      • eg. if touched on neglected side would think it didn’t happen/was on their other side
  • Can include internal as well as external
    • eg when asked to remembera scene only aknowledged one side of it
    • Does not onvolve memory impairment
  • Due to failure of attention not due to impairment of memory/visual.sensory systems
44
Q

Define Split Brain Studies

A

Split Brain Surgery involves the cutting of the nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres, usually the corpus callosum, thereby disconnecting one hemisphere of the brain from the other., therefore the two hemispheres do not directly communicate

45
Q

Split Brain Studies

A
  • If someone saw circle in left visual field, therefore processed by the right side of their brain, they couldn’t tell you what it was as speech is in the left hemisphere and they cannot communicate what they saw.
    • The left brain literally doesn’t know what you saw
    • sometimes will think nothing was shown
  • If touched, or drew, the object with their left hand (right brain), they could identify the object that they saw, but couldn’t say it.
  • If shown in right visual field, therefore processed by the left side of the brain, could tell you what they saw
  • Studies show little change in behaviour except for certain situations like experiment
46
Q

Limitations of Split Brain studies

A
  • Split brain patients were not a normal brain to begin with (had severe epilepsy), therefore we cannot conclusively say that the results that are being seen are of a typical human

Psychology (3 decks)

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