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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivision of each branched of the Nervous System?

A 
CNS 
-Brain
-Spinal Cord 
PNS
-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves
ANS
-sympathetic 
-parasympathetic
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2
Q

The sympathetic system is also referred to as…?

A

Thoracumbar

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3
Q

What is the parasympathetic system also called?

A

Craniosacral system

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4
Q

Efferent fibers function as _______ fibers and Afferent fibers function as __________ fibers.

A

Efferent: motor
Afferent: sensory

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5
Q

What is characteristic of dendrites?

A

Theres many of them, that are relatively short branched and carry information to the cell body.

They have receptors for neurotransmitters and conduct local potentials

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of a neuron Axon?

A

Long, single, conducts action potential. Ends branch into telodendria

Collateral branches

Cell membrane called axolemma
Cytoplasm called axoplasm

The axon contains

  • mitochondria
  • neurofilament
  • neurotubules

Neuroleptic: schwann cells, that’s usually myelinated.

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7
Q

What part of the neuron is capable of axonal transport?

A

The axon

  • antegrade
  • retrograde
  • slow transport
  • fast transport
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8
Q

A nerve in the PNS is comparable to ______ in the CNS. What is a ‘nerve’?

A

tracts in CNS,

Nerves and tracts are bundles of fibers, these fibers are only axons, but not the entire cells.

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9
Q

A ganglion in the PNS is what in the CNS?

A

Nucleus. Ganglion and Nucleus are aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS and CNS respectively

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10
Q

What’s the difference between white matter and grey matter?

A

White matter is areas of myelinated axons while great matter is areas of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies and dendrites.

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11
Q

What is the structure of synapses?

A 
Presynaptic membrane
    -neurotransmitters in   
      Synaptic vesicles 
Synaptic cleft
     -tiny space, where neurons are 
        Released into 
Postsynaptic membrane 
     -with receptors for the 
       neurotransmitters that were 
       released

Part of pathways that can be composed of one or more synapses

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12
Q

What are the neuroglial cells?

A 
Schwann cells
Astrocytes 
Oligodendrocyes 
Ependymal cells
   -all derive from neural crest cells 
Microglial cells
   -derive from monocytes
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13
Q

What are the basic stages of neural tube development?

A 
Neural plate
   -folds
Neural folds 
    -or groove
Neural tube
    -when the folds meet
Then it subdivides, into a tripartite brain, 
Part of the that triad further divides giving a pentapartite brain.
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14
Q

Parts of the pentapartite brain

A 
Prosencephalon 
   -telencephalon
   -diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencepalon 
    -meteencephalon
    -myelencephalon
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15
Q

What does the telencephalon primordia subdivide into in an adult brain?

A

Lumina -> lateral ventricles (I, II)

Floor -> Basal ganglia and olfactory lobes and nerves

Roof -> cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

What does the dienchephalon form in the adult brain?

A

the lumen forms the third ventricle

The roof forms the Epithalamus

The walls from the thalamus

The floor forms the hypothalamus and infundibulum

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17
Q

The mesencephalon forms what structures in the adult vertebrate brain?

A

The lumen forms the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

The roof or the tectum breaks into the corpora bigemina in lower verts

In higher verts the corpora quadrigemina which becomes the superior and interior colliculi

The floor becomes the tegmentum

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18
Q

The metencephalon derive which adult structures in the brain?

A

Lumen: part of the fourth ventricle

Roof: cerebellum

Floor: pons

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19
Q

The myencephalon becomes which adult brain structures?

A

Lumen: remainder of the fourth ventricle that is not formed by the lumen of the metencephalon

Main part: medulla oblongata

Roof: posterior choroid plexus

20
Q

Describe the histogeniesis of the neural tube

A

The first tube wall forms pseudostratified epithelium

An outermost membrane called the external limiting membrane.

Epitheliel cells either remain connected to the basement membrane or migrate away.

Attached - ependymal cells: line the ventricular system and neural canal

Unattached - 
     -Mantle cells - neuroblasts, forms
      grey matter and extends to form
      the other layer in the form of axons 
     -Merginal layer - beyond the 
       external limiting membrane, forms 
      grey matter, the axons of the 
      bodies in the mantle layer.
21
Q

The dorsal ramiof a spinal nerve innerves what type of musculature? what about the ventral rami?

A

Dorsal Ramus innervates epaxial musculature

Ventral ramus innervates hypaxial musculature

22
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located in the brain and spinal cord?

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

A

Motor neurons:

  • spinal cord: grey matter called ventral horns (or anterior)
  • CNS: grey matter called nuclei

Sensory neurons:
-located along dorsal roots in grey matter called ganglia. Spinal or cranial - outside the CNS

23
Q

How is the spinal cord organized?

A

Grey matter forms an ‘H’ shape with dorsal and ventral horns.

Dorsal or posterior horns:
entry point for incoming sensory neurons
-synapse with secondary neurons
-travel up white matter

Ventral or anterior horns:
Location of cell bodies for motor neurons

Dorsal columns - myelinated fibers up to the brain- sensory afferent tracts
Lateral columns - both sensory and motor tracts
Ventral columns - mostly motor tracts

24
Q

What composes the meninges?

A 
Epidural space - not in the brain
Dura mater 
Subdural space 
Arachnoid 
Subarachnoid space - with CSF 
Pia mater - delicate innermost layer 
Denticulate ligaments
25
Q

where does the sympathetic nervous system originate?

A

Thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord

-thoracolumbar system

26
Q

Parasympathetic systems

A

Motor neurons arise from the brain and sacral regions of the spinal cord
-craniosacral system

27
Q

Whats the difference between pregangiolion and postganglion axons?

A

Preganglionic axons - are myelinated and have cell bodies in the grey matter of the CNS with the axons going out the the periphery

Postganglionic axons come out of cell bodies in the eripheral ganglia and are never myelinated

28
Q

what’s the basics of the autonomic nervous system? what are the branches?

A

Part of the peripheral nerve system, a motor system
Control of all visceral activity

Sympathetic -thoracolumbar system
Parasympathetic - craniosacral system

29
Q

What’s the setup up of a typical autonomic pathway?

A

Two neurons:
One which originates in the CNS -> preganglion axons

Second with cell body in the periphery, synapse with the first and gives off the postganglionic neuron/axon.-unmyelinated- Axons terminate in smooth muscle

30
Q

What are the CN patterns in anamniotes and amniotes?

A

10 in anamniotes
12 in amniotes
Arguably: 25 CN’s

CN are characterized by:

  • superficial origin: where a cranial nerve emerges from the surface of the brain
  • deep origin: site where the motor fibers arise and sensory fibers terminate in nuclei within the brain stem
31
Q

What’s the structure of spinal nerves?

A

Approximates one pair for each vertebrae
Attached to spinal cord by two branches:
-Dorsal root: sensory fiber to the spinal cord
-Ventral root: motor fibers from the spinal cord

Spinal nerves divides into dorsal and ventral rami

  • dorsal rami: epaxial musculature
  • ventral rami: hypaxial musculature

Cell bodies for motor: CNS- columns or nuclei
Cell bodies for sensory: peripherial ganglia

32
Q

What are the CN of the tongue?

A

CN XII - hypoglossal nerve
(Extrinsic and intrinsic)

CN VII - Facial nerve
-taste

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve

  • taste
  • sensation
33
Q

Which CN are parasympathetic?

A

Oculomotor III
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus X
Facial VII

34
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory Nerve

Go from olfactory receptor cells (bipolar neurons)
Through cribriform plate and into the olfactory bulbs

SVS
-special visceral sensory

35
Q

CN II

A

Optic Nerve

Begins in ganglion layer of retinue exits throug optic canal

SSS
-special somatic sensory

36
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor nerve

Supplies four of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye

Parasympathetic component

GSM - skeletal

GVM: parasympathetic
-preganglion: edinger-Westphalia nucleus
-ciliary ganglion
Postganglion: sphincter pupillae (from ciliary)

37
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear Nerve
Innervates superior oblique muscle of eye

GSM
-General somatic motor

Emerges dorsal

38
Q

CN VI

A

Abducten’s Nerve

Innervates lateral rectus muscle of the eye

GSM

  • -General somatic motor
  • skeletal
39
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

SSS
-special somatic sensory

Auditory component: cell bodies in spiral ganglion of cochlea
-hearing

Vestibular component:

  • cell bodies in vestibular ganglion
  • balance and equilibrium
40
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve

Cranial root leaves cranial cavity with vagus nerve

Supplies strenocleidomastoid and trapezius

SVM

  • somatic visceral motor
  • -pharyngeal arch muscles
41
Q

CN XII

A

Hypogloassal Nerve

Gives of superior root of NASA cervicalis and a nerve to thyrohyoid muscle

Supplies instrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue

GSM

  • general somatic motor
  • -skeletal
42
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal Nerve

Three branches:

  • ophthalmic
  • maxillary
  • mandibular

Face sensory nerve
Motor: mastication

SVM: Special Visceral Motor

GSS: General Somatic Sensory

43
Q

CN VII

A

Facial Nerve

Branches:

  • temporal
  • zygomatic
  • buccal
  • mandibular
  • cervical

Taste for anterior 2/3 on tongue

GVM
-pregang- supoerior salivatroy and lacrimal nuclei
-postgang- to lacriminal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland and mucous glands of mouth and nose
GSS
-part of external ear
SVS
-taste

44
Q

CN X

A

SVM

GVS

GSS

GVM

Parasympathetic
Forth and fifth pharyngeal arches
Swallowing and speaking

45
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

SVM

GVS

GVM

GSS

SVS

Sensation, third pharyngeal arch

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (9 decks)

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