circulatory system Flashcards
All of the following exist as part of the pharyngeal arches EXCEPT:
A. Skeletal components
B. Gills
C. Branchiomeric muscles
D. Aortic arch
Gills. the pharyngeal arch might be known as gill arch in fish but it doesn’t mean gills are a part of the series.
what is the developmental purpose of the aortic arches and how many are there?
Aortic arches connect the dorsal aorta to the ventral aorta, there are 6 pairs of aortic arches
The fish heart pumps deoxygenated blood, where does the blood get oxygenated?
Efferent arteries carry what type of blood?
Afferent arteries carry what type of blood?
In the capillaries
Oxygenated
Deoxygenated
What happens to the 6th pair of aortic arches in sharks and fish?
They form afferent and efferent spiracles, also known as pseudobranch
Which aortic arch is lost in all vertebrates?
First aortic arch
In lungfish which aortic arches loose their capillary bed and which forms the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary artery develops from arch VI
Arches III and IV lose the capillary beds
What are the aortic arch trends in non-mammalian tetrapods?
The first and second arches form but degenerate
Third pair of aortic arches form the internal carotid and common carotids
External carotids extend out of the ventral aortae
Fourth pair of aortic arches are the paired aortic arches
Fifth pair degenerate
Sixth pair of arches become associated with the pulmonary system.
In amphibians and reptiles which arches are lost? And which the pulmonary arteries and systematic arches, and which are associated with the carotid system?
Their ductus arteriosus is in between which arches?
All arches have lost the capillary beds
All arch pairs I, II, V
Arch pair VI form pulmonary arteries
Arch pair IV forms the systemic arch
Pair III forms carotid system.
At arch IV known as ductus caroticus
In birds what’s the pattern of aortic arches?
Loss of 1, 2, and 5
Loss of the left aortic arch 4
Right one becomes the systemic arch
Loss of ductus caroticus in birds.
What is unique about the internal and external carotid arteries?
The common carotid branches into the external and internal carotids but each derive from different pharyngeal arches.
In mammals what does the aortic arch pattern look like?
First and second degenerate
Third forms the internal carotids
External forms from the ventral aortae
Common carotids form between the third and fourth arches
Right fourth aortic arch forms the right subclavian artery
Left the aortic arch
Fifth degenerates
Sixthassociates with the pulmonary system
What are the three groups of aortic branches?
Dorsal intersegmentals, ventral intersegmentals and lateral intersegmentals
What are some examples of Dorsal intersegmentals?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar intersegmentals
Subclavian
Iliac arteries
What are some examples of lateral intersegmentals?
Mesonephric arteries
Adrenal arteries
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries
What are examples of ventral intersegmentals?
Vitelline vessel
- Celiac artery
- superior/inferior mesenterics
Allantoic vessels
-umbilical arteries
Whats the basic venous pattern in vertebrates, in general?
Pair of anterior cardinal veins Pair of jugular veins Pair of posterior cardinal veins Pair of lateral veins Pair vitelline veins Unpaired subintestinal vein Anterior and posterior cardinal veins empty into a pair of common carotids The common carotids, jugulars and vitelline veins empty into the sinus venosus
What is a portal system? What types are there?
A system of veins that carry blood toward the heart but ends in a capillary bed of an organ that is not the heart, forcing it through that organ to get back to the heart.
Types are:
- hepatic portal
- renal portal
- hypophyseal portal system
What the function of the hepatic portal system? How does it develop?
Carries oxygen poor blood to the liver from the digestive tract so that the nutrients can be processed and leave through the hepatic veins, which are different from the hepatic portal veins
The hepatic portal veins develop from one of the vitelline veins. The left and the rest of the sunintestinal vein form the hepatic portal vein. Leads into the liver and breaks into capillaries.
The right vitelline vein and righ branch of the subintestinal veins disentigrate
All vertebrates have a hepatic portal system.
What is the renal portal system? How does it develop?
The hepatic portal system forces all blood returning from the posterior part of the body into a capillary plexus in each kidney.
The post cardinal veins form capillaries in the kidneys. The subcardinals provide an alternate path to the kidneys via the caudal vein. The blood leaves the kidneys through subcardinal remnants and rides the posterior cardinal back to the heart.
Distal portion of the posterior cardinal forms the renal portal veins
Primitive mammals do not have subcardinal veins
The circle of willis is made of which arteries?
Basilar artery
Pair of vertebral arteries
Internal carotid Arteries
Connected by the posterior and anterior communicating arteries
The cerebral arteries lead off the circle of willis.
