circulatory system

Question 1

All of the following exist as part of the pharyngeal arches EXCEPT:

A. Skeletal components
B. Gills
C. Branchiomeric muscles
D. Aortic arch

Answer 1

Gills. the pharyngeal arch might be known as gill arch in fish but it doesn’t mean gills are a part of the series.

Question 2

what is the developmental purpose of the aortic arches and how many are there?

Answer 2

Aortic arches connect the dorsal aorta to the ventral aorta, there are 6 pairs of aortic arches

Question 3

The fish heart pumps deoxygenated blood, where does the blood get oxygenated?
Efferent arteries carry what type of blood?
Afferent arteries carry what type of blood?

Answer 3

In the capillaries

Oxygenated

Deoxygenated

Question 4

What happens to the 6th pair of aortic arches in sharks and fish?

Answer 4

They form afferent and efferent spiracles, also known as pseudobranch

Question 5

Which aortic arch is lost in all vertebrates?

Answer 5

First aortic arch

Question 6

In lungfish which aortic arches loose their capillary bed and which forms the pulmonary artery?

Answer 6

Pulmonary artery develops from arch VI

Arches III and IV lose the capillary beds

Question 7

What are the aortic arch trends in non-mammalian tetrapods?

Answer 7

The first and second arches form but degenerate

Third pair of aortic arches form the internal carotid and common carotids

External carotids extend out of the ventral aortae

Fourth pair of aortic arches are the paired aortic arches

Fifth pair degenerate

Sixth pair of arches become associated with the pulmonary system.

Question 8

In amphibians and reptiles which arches are lost? And which the pulmonary arteries and systematic arches, and which are associated with the carotid system?
Their ductus arteriosus is in between which arches?

Answer 8

All arches have lost the capillary beds

All arch pairs I, II, V

Arch pair VI form pulmonary arteries

Arch pair IV forms the systemic arch

Pair III forms carotid system.

At arch IV known as ductus caroticus

Question 9

In birds what’s the pattern of aortic arches?

Answer 9

Loss of 1, 2, and 5
Loss of the left aortic arch 4
Right one becomes the systemic arch
Loss of ductus caroticus in birds.

Question 10

What is unique about the internal and external carotid arteries?

Answer 10

The common carotid branches into the external and internal carotids but each derive from different pharyngeal arches.

Question 11

In mammals what does the aortic arch pattern look like?

Answer 11

First and second degenerate
Third forms the internal carotids
External forms from the ventral aortae
Common carotids form between the third and fourth arches
Right fourth aortic arch forms the right subclavian artery
Left the aortic arch
Fifth degenerates
Sixthassociates with the pulmonary system

Question 12

What are the three groups of aortic branches?

Answer 12

Dorsal intersegmentals, ventral intersegmentals and lateral intersegmentals

Question 13

What are some examples of Dorsal intersegmentals?

Answer 13

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar intersegmentals

Subclavian

Iliac arteries

Question 14

What are some examples of lateral intersegmentals?

Answer 14

Mesonephric arteries

Adrenal arteries

Renal arteries

Gonadal arteries

Question 15

What are examples of ventral intersegmentals?

Answer 15

Vitelline vessel

• Celiac artery
• superior/inferior mesenterics

Allantoic vessels
-umbilical arteries

Question 16

Whats the basic venous pattern in vertebrates, in general?

Answer 16

Pair of anterior cardinal veins
Pair of jugular veins 
Pair of posterior cardinal veins 
Pair of lateral veins 
Pair vitelline veins 
Unpaired subintestinal vein 
Anterior and posterior cardinal veins empty into a pair of common carotids 
The common carotids, jugulars and vitelline veins empty into the sinus venosus

Question 17

What is a portal system? What types are there?

Answer 17

A system of veins that carry blood toward the heart but ends in a capillary bed of an organ that is not the heart, forcing it through that organ to get back to the heart.

Types are:

• hepatic portal
• renal portal
• hypophyseal portal system

Question 18

What the function of the hepatic portal system? How does it develop?

Answer 18

Carries oxygen poor blood to the liver from the digestive tract so that the nutrients can be processed and leave through the hepatic veins, which are different from the hepatic portal veins

The hepatic portal veins develop from one of the vitelline veins. The left and the rest of the sunintestinal vein form the hepatic portal vein. Leads into the liver and breaks into capillaries.

The right vitelline vein and righ branch of the subintestinal veins disentigrate

All vertebrates have a hepatic portal system.

Question 19

What is the renal portal system? How does it develop?

Answer 19

The hepatic portal system forces all blood returning from the posterior part of the body into a capillary plexus in each kidney.

The post cardinal veins form capillaries in the kidneys. The subcardinals provide an alternate path to the kidneys via the caudal vein. The blood leaves the kidneys through subcardinal remnants and rides the posterior cardinal back to the heart.

Distal portion of the posterior cardinal forms the renal portal veins
Primitive mammals do not have subcardinal veins

Question 20

The circle of willis is made of which arteries?

Answer 20

Basilar artery
Pair of vertebral arteries
Internal carotid Arteries
Connected by the posterior and anterior communicating arteries

The cerebral arteries lead off the circle of willis.