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Board Prep > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is gray matter?

A

unmyelinated neurons that contain capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies, and dendrites

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2
Q

What is white matter?

A

myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers without dendrites

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3
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs:

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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4
Q

What are ganglia?

A

clusters or swellings of cells that give rise to peripheral and central nerve fibers; divided into sensory and autonomic ganglia

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5
Q

What does limbic system control?

A

mood, emotion, storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, emotional responses to food

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6
Q

What does somatic nervous system do?

A

peripheral and motor nerve fibers that control voluntary mvts and provide ability to sense touch, smell, sigh, taste, sound

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7
Q

Left hemisphere dominance

A

language, sequence mvts, understand language, produce written and spoken language, analytical, controlled, logical, rational, math calculations, positive emotions such as love and happiness, process verbally coded info in logical manner

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8
Q

Right hemisphere dominance

A

nonverbal processing, process info, artistic abilities, concept comprehension, spatial relationships, kinesthesia, understand music, understand nonverbal communication, math reasoning, express negative emotions, body image awareness

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9
Q

Frontal lobe impairment

A

contralat weakness, perseveration, inattention, personality changes, antisocial behavior, impaired concentration and apathy, BROCA’s aphasia (expressive), delayed or poor initiation, emotional lability

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10
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

voluntary mvt, intellect
broca’s area (primarily in left hemisphere) for speech
personality, temper, judgment, reasoning, behaivor, self-awareness

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11
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

sensation of touch, kinesthesia, vibration, temp
receives info from other areas of brain about hear, vision, motor, sensory,memory
provides meaning for objects
interprets language and words
spatial and visual perception

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12
Q

Parietal lobe dysfunction impairments

A

dominant hemisphere (usually in left hemisphere) agraphia, alexia, agnosia
non-dominant hemisphere dressing, apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
contralat sensory deficits
impaired language comprehension
impaired taste

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13
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

auditory processing and olfaction
Wernicke’s area (usually in left hemisphere) for ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language
interpret other people’s emotions and reactions

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14
Q

Temporal lobe dysfunction impairments

A 
learning deficits
Wernicke's aphasia
antisocial, aggressive
difficulty with facial recognition
difficulty with memory, memory loss
inability to categorize objects
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15
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

main processing center for visual info
processes visual info regarding colors, light, shapes
judgment of distance, seeing in 3D

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16
Q

Occipital lobe dysfunction impairments

A

homonymous hemianopsia
impaired extraocular muscle mvt and visual deficits
impaired color recognition
reading and writing impairment
cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement

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17
Q

thalamus

A

relay or processing station for majority of info that goes to cerebral cortex
damage can produce thalamic pain syndrom where there’s spontaneous pain on contralateral side of body to lesion

18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

receives and integrates info from ANS and assists in regulating hormones
controls functions such as hunger, thirst, sex, sleep
Regulates body temp, adrenal glands, pituitary gland
Lesions can produce obesity, sexual disinterest, poor temp control, and diabetes insipidus

19
Q

Subthalamus

A

Regulates mvts produced by skeletal muscles and has assoc with basal ganglia and substantia nigra

20
Q

Epithalamus

A

represented by pineal gland that secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms and emotions; assoc with limbic system and basal ganglia

21
Q

What is in diencephalon?

A

thalamus hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus

22
Q

Cerebrum

A

right and left joined by white matter, termed corpus callosum, which relays info from one side to other
outer surface of cerebrum is termed gray matter
inferior is white matter

23
Q

What is in telencephalon?

A

cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala

24
Q

Sylvian fissure

A

anterior portion separates temporal and frontal lobes

posterior portion separates temporal and parietal lobes

25
Q

Sulcus of rolando

A

aka central sulcus, separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally

26
Q

Hippocampus

A

embedded within lower temporal lobe
responsible for process of forming and storing new memories
learning language

27
Q

Basal ganglia

A

gray matter masses located within white matter of cerebrum; responsible for voluntary mvt, regulation of autonomic mvt, posture, muscle tone, control of motor responses
Dysfunction assoc with PD, Huntington’s, Tourette’s, ADD, OCD, addictions

28
Q

Amygdala

A

within temporal lobes of each hemisphere

emotional and social processing, involved with fear and pleasure, arousal, formation of emotional memories

29
Q

What does midbrain do?

A

relays info from cerebrum, cerebellum, and SC
reflex center for visual, auditory, tactile responses
key areas are tectum and tegmentum

30
Q

What makes up hindbrain?

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

31
Q

Pons

A

assists with regulation of respiration rate and is assoc with orientation of head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli
CN V-VIII originate from pons

32
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Myelencephalon
influences ANS and regulation of respiration and HR
reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing
Damage causes contralat impairment
relays somatic sensory info from organs and control of arousal and sleep
CN IX-XII originate from here

33
Q

Brainstem

A

consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
relay system
primitive functions: HR regulation and RR
Reticular activating system found here
damage can cause brain death
majority of CN originate within brainstem

34
Q

What arteries supply blood to brain?

A

2 internal carotid A and 2 vertebral A

branches form circle of willis

35
Q

Impairments if ant cerebral A is compromised

A 
contralat LE motor and sensory
loss of B&B
loss of behavioral inhibition
mental changes, neglect
aphasia, apraxia, agraphia
perseveration
akinetic mutism
36
Q

Impairments if mid cerebral A is compromised

A 
most common site of CVA
Wernicke's aphasia in dom hemi
homonymous hemianopsia
apraxia
flat affect with R hemi damage
contralat weakness and sensory loss of face and UE>LE
impaired spatial relations
anosognosia in non-dom hemi
impaired body schema
37
Q

Impairments if post cerebral A is compromised

A 
contralat pain and temp loss, hemiplegia
ataxia, athetosis
impaired mvt quality
thalamis pain syndrome
anomia
hemiballismus
visual agnosia
homonymous hemianopsia
impaired memoria
alexia, dyslexia
cortical blindness
38
Q

Impairments if vertebral-basilar A compromised

A 
loss of consciousness, syncope
hemiplegia
comotose
inability to speak
locked in syndrome
vertigo, nystagmus
dysphagia, dysarthria
ataxia
39
Q

What makes CSF?

A

choroid plexus in ventricles

40
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

excess CSF in spinal cord

Board Prep (7 decks)

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