Nervous System Flashcards
What is gray matter?
unmyelinated neurons that contain capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies, and dendrites
What is white matter?
myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers without dendrites
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs:
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
What are ganglia?
clusters or swellings of cells that give rise to peripheral and central nerve fibers; divided into sensory and autonomic ganglia
What does limbic system control?
mood, emotion, storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, emotional responses to food
What does somatic nervous system do?
peripheral and motor nerve fibers that control voluntary mvts and provide ability to sense touch, smell, sigh, taste, sound
Left hemisphere dominance
language, sequence mvts, understand language, produce written and spoken language, analytical, controlled, logical, rational, math calculations, positive emotions such as love and happiness, process verbally coded info in logical manner
Right hemisphere dominance
nonverbal processing, process info, artistic abilities, concept comprehension, spatial relationships, kinesthesia, understand music, understand nonverbal communication, math reasoning, express negative emotions, body image awareness
Frontal lobe impairment
contralat weakness, perseveration, inattention, personality changes, antisocial behavior, impaired concentration and apathy, BROCA’s aphasia (expressive), delayed or poor initiation, emotional lability
Frontal lobe function
voluntary mvt, intellect
broca’s area (primarily in left hemisphere) for speech
personality, temper, judgment, reasoning, behaivor, self-awareness
Parietal lobe function
sensation of touch, kinesthesia, vibration, temp
receives info from other areas of brain about hear, vision, motor, sensory,memory
provides meaning for objects
interprets language and words
spatial and visual perception
Parietal lobe dysfunction impairments
dominant hemisphere (usually in left hemisphere) agraphia, alexia, agnosia
non-dominant hemisphere dressing, apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
contralat sensory deficits
impaired language comprehension
impaired taste
Temporal lobe function
auditory processing and olfaction
Wernicke’s area (usually in left hemisphere) for ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language
interpret other people’s emotions and reactions
Temporal lobe dysfunction impairments
learning deficits Wernicke's aphasia antisocial, aggressive difficulty with facial recognition difficulty with memory, memory loss inability to categorize objects
Occipital lobe function
main processing center for visual info
processes visual info regarding colors, light, shapes
judgment of distance, seeing in 3D
Occipital lobe dysfunction impairments
homonymous hemianopsia
impaired extraocular muscle mvt and visual deficits
impaired color recognition
reading and writing impairment
cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement
thalamus
relay or processing station for majority of info that goes to cerebral cortex
damage can produce thalamic pain syndrom where there’s spontaneous pain on contralateral side of body to lesion
Hypothalamus
receives and integrates info from ANS and assists in regulating hormones
controls functions such as hunger, thirst, sex, sleep
Regulates body temp, adrenal glands, pituitary gland
Lesions can produce obesity, sexual disinterest, poor temp control, and diabetes insipidus
Subthalamus
Regulates mvts produced by skeletal muscles and has assoc with basal ganglia and substantia nigra
Epithalamus
represented by pineal gland that secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms and emotions; assoc with limbic system and basal ganglia
What is in diencephalon?
thalamus hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus
Cerebrum
right and left joined by white matter, termed corpus callosum, which relays info from one side to other
outer surface of cerebrum is termed gray matter
inferior is white matter
What is in telencephalon?
cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala
Sylvian fissure
anterior portion separates temporal and frontal lobes
posterior portion separates temporal and parietal lobes
Sulcus of rolando
aka central sulcus, separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally
Hippocampus
embedded within lower temporal lobe
responsible for process of forming and storing new memories
learning language
Basal ganglia
gray matter masses located within white matter of cerebrum; responsible for voluntary mvt, regulation of autonomic mvt, posture, muscle tone, control of motor responses
Dysfunction assoc with PD, Huntington’s, Tourette’s, ADD, OCD, addictions
Amygdala
within temporal lobes of each hemisphere
emotional and social processing, involved with fear and pleasure, arousal, formation of emotional memories
What does midbrain do?
relays info from cerebrum, cerebellum, and SC
reflex center for visual, auditory, tactile responses
key areas are tectum and tegmentum
What makes up hindbrain?
cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
Pons
assists with regulation of respiration rate and is assoc with orientation of head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli
CN V-VIII originate from pons
Medulla oblongata
Myelencephalon
influences ANS and regulation of respiration and HR
reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing
Damage causes contralat impairment
relays somatic sensory info from organs and control of arousal and sleep
CN IX-XII originate from here
Brainstem
consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
relay system
primitive functions: HR regulation and RR
Reticular activating system found here
damage can cause brain death
majority of CN originate within brainstem
What arteries supply blood to brain?
2 internal carotid A and 2 vertebral A
branches form circle of willis
Impairments if ant cerebral A is compromised
contralat LE motor and sensory loss of B&B loss of behavioral inhibition mental changes, neglect aphasia, apraxia, agraphia perseveration akinetic mutism
Impairments if mid cerebral A is compromised
most common site of CVA Wernicke's aphasia in dom hemi homonymous hemianopsia apraxia flat affect with R hemi damage contralat weakness and sensory loss of face and UE>LE impaired spatial relations anosognosia in non-dom hemi impaired body schema
Impairments if post cerebral A is compromised
contralat pain and temp loss, hemiplegia ataxia, athetosis impaired mvt quality thalamis pain syndrome anomia hemiballismus visual agnosia homonymous hemianopsia impaired memoria alexia, dyslexia cortical blindness
Impairments if vertebral-basilar A compromised
loss of consciousness, syncope hemiplegia comotose inability to speak locked in syndrome vertigo, nystagmus dysphagia, dysarthria ataxia
What makes CSF?
choroid plexus in ventricles
What is syringomyelia?
excess CSF in spinal cord
