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Neuro-Vascular. > Nervous System. > Flashcards

Nervous System. Flashcards

1
Q

CNS consists of

A

brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

PNS consists of

A

cranial and spinal nerves; peripheral components of ANS.

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3
Q

Synapse:

A

structural and functional junction between two neurons.

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4
Q

Two types of synapses:

A

electrical and chemical.

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5
Q

Electrical synapse:

A

an action potential moves from neuron to neuron directly by allowing electrical current to flow between neurons.

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6
Q

Chemical synapse:

A

an action potential reaches the end of the axon (presynaptic terminal) then it causes release of a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) from tiny vesicles with the axon terminal.

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7
Q

Neurotransmitters are:

A

excitatory or inhibitory.

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8
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters:

A

they cause an increase in Na+ permeability at the postsynaptic cell membrane, increasing a likelihood of an action potential; acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and histamine.

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9
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters:

A

they cause an increase in permeability of K+ and Cl- ions, decreasing the likelihood than an action potential will be generated; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine.

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10
Q

Spinal cord consists of:

A

white and gray matter.

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11
Q

White matter:

A

surrounds the gray matter; contains the axons of the ascending sensory and the descending motor fibers.

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12
Q

Gray matter:

A

contains the cell bodies of voluntary motor neurons and preganglionic autonomic motor neurons, as well as cell bodies of association neurons.

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13
Q

Brain is divided into:

A

cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum.

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14
Q

Ventricles:

A

supporting structure located within the CNS; the ventricles are four fluid-filled cavities with the brain that connect with one another and with the spinal canal.

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15
Q

CSF:

A

circulates within the subarachnoid space that surrounds the brain, brainstem and spinal cord; provides cushioning for the brain and spinal cord allows fluid shifts from the cranial cavity to the spinal cavity and carries nutrients.

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16
Q

PNS consists of:

A

spinal and cranial nerves, associated ganglia, and portion of the ANS.

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17
Q

SNS:

A

located in T1-L2; increases the rate and force of the heart contraction, dilates bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs.

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18
Q

PNS (parasympathetic):

A

located in the brainstem and in the sacral spinal segments (S2 through S4); decreases the rate and force, constricts the bronchioles and bronchi.

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19
Q

CN I:

A

olfactory; smell, testing sensory.

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20
Q

Test CN I:

A

identify odor; vials of scents.

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21
Q

CN II:

A

optic; visual acuity and visual fields.

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22
Q

Test CN II:

A

use snellen or rosenbaum chart; test peripheral by standing in front of pt and wiggle fingers.

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23
Q

CN III:

A

olculomotor; eye movement and pupil response.

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24
Q

Test CN III:

A

look at movement of the eyes; 6 cardinal fields of gaze; shape, response to light, accommodation; cover/uncover test.

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25
CN IV:
trochlear; movement of the eyes, motor.
26
Test IV:
look at movement of the eyes; 6 cardinal fields of gaze; shape, response to light, accommodation; cover/uncover test.
27
CN V:
trigeminal; corneal reflex, jaw, face sensation; motor and sensory.
28
Test CN V:
evaluate sharp, dull and light touch sensations on cheek, and chin areas. Test corneal reflex.
29
CN VI:
abducens; eye movements; motor.
30
Test CN VI:
look at movement of the eyes: six cardinal fields of gaze, pupil size (pen light), look at shape, response to the light, and accommodation, and opening of the eyelids; perform cover/uncover test.
31
CN VII:
facial; facial expressions; motor and sensory.
32
Test CN VII:
motor: observe pt performing a series of facial expressions (clench teeth, squeeze eyes shut, smile); sensory: touch (cotton on skin).
33
CN VIII:
acoustic; hearing and balance; sensory.
34
Test CN VIII:
hearing function: whisper or watch test; vestibular function: romberg test.
35
CN IX:
glossopharngeal; taste, gag, swallowing; motor and sensory.
36
Test CN IX:
watch patient swallow, gag, and taste test.
37
CN X:
vagus; gag reflex; sensory and motor.
38
Test CN X:
say "ah;" observe movement of the soft palate and uvula for symmetry.
39
CN XI:
spinal accessory; shoulder shrug; motor.
40
Test CN XI:
assess symmetrical shoulder shrug.
41
CN XII:
hypoglossal; tongue movement, motor.
42
Test CN XII:
test tongue strength and movement.
43
Neuron:
basic functional unit of the brain.
44
Neuron is made of:
cell body - clusters are call centers; dendrite - synapses for receiving messages; axon - carries impulses away from cell body.
45
Cerebrum:
comprised of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
46
Frontal lobe:
conceptualization, abstraction, motor ability, judgment, and ability to write words.
47
Pre-frontal cortex:
ability to plan, reason, concentrate, and adjust behavior.
48
Pre-motor cortex:
coordinates series of movement or intricate, complex movements.
49
Broca's:
infero-lateral portion of frontal lobe; ability to speak.
50
Parietal:
integrating and coordinating center for perception and interpretation of sensory information; involved in sensations of pain and touch, spatial orientation, and speech.
51
Motor cortex:
sends instructions to muscles to cause voluntary movements.
52
Temporal:
memory storage; integration of auditory stimuli.
53
Wernicke's:
posterior portion of superior temporal convolution - reception and understanding of language.
54
Occipital:
visual center; understanding of written material.
55
Diencephalon is made of:
thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus.
56
Brainstem is made of:
midbrain, pons, and medulla.
57
Midbrain:
origin of righting and postural reflex.
58
Pons:
connects medulla, midbrain, and cerebrum; controls rhythm of respiration.
59
Medulla:
connects central canal to spinal cord; vital center for cardiac, respirations, swallowing, gag, and cough.
60
Cerebellum:
controls fine movement, balance, and position sense; keeps body oriented in space and maintaining truncal equilibrium, controlling antigravity muscles, checking or halting voluntary movements.
61
Decorticate:
(towards core) arms flexed, wrist and fingers flexed, adduction of upper extremities, extension of the lower extremity, feet are plantar, can be unilateral or bilateral.
62
Decerebrate:
poor prognosis – everything is hyperextended except hands; injury is at the level of the brain stem.
63
Meninges:
connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord.
64
CSF:
150 mls; 15-25 in each lateral ventricle; circulates within the subarachnoid space that surrounds the brain, brainstem and spinal cord.
65
CSF description:
clear, colorless, SG of 1.007, minimum WBC, no RBC.
66
CSF function:
cushion, support, nutrition, removes metabolites, empties into venous system through jugular veins
67
Circle of Willis:
allows a continuous blood supply because of the communication between the arteries.
68
Upper motor neuron lesions:
motor cortex, internal capsule, and other structures of the brain; loss of voluntary control, increased muscle tone or spasticity, no muscle atrophy, hyperactive and abnormal reflexes.
69
Lower motor neuron lesions:
between muscle and spinal cord (may involve spinal nerves); loss of voluntary control, decreased muscle tone, flaccid muscle paralysis with atrophy, absent or decreased reflexes.
70
Neuro assessment:
mental status, intellectual function, thought content, emotional status, perception, motor ability, language ability, motor strength, cranial nerve exam; assess muscle strength, balance and coordination, deep tendon reflexes, and sensory system.

Neuro-Vascular. (6 decks)

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