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Neuro-Vascular. > Nervous System. > Flashcards

Nervous System. Flashcards

1
Q

CNS consists of

A

brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

PNS consists of

A

cranial and spinal nerves; peripheral components of ANS.

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3
Q

Synapse:

A

structural and functional junction between two neurons.

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4
Q

Two types of synapses:

A

electrical and chemical.

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5
Q

Electrical synapse:

A

an action potential moves from neuron to neuron directly by allowing electrical current to flow between neurons.

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6
Q

Chemical synapse:

A

an action potential reaches the end of the axon (presynaptic terminal) then it causes release of a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) from tiny vesicles with the axon terminal.

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7
Q

Neurotransmitters are:

A

excitatory or inhibitory.

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8
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters:

A

they cause an increase in Na+ permeability at the postsynaptic cell membrane, increasing a likelihood of an action potential; acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and histamine.

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9
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters:

A

they cause an increase in permeability of K+ and Cl- ions, decreasing the likelihood than an action potential will be generated; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine.

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10
Q

Spinal cord consists of:

A

white and gray matter.

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11
Q

White matter:

A

surrounds the gray matter; contains the axons of the ascending sensory and the descending motor fibers.

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12
Q

Gray matter:

A

contains the cell bodies of voluntary motor neurons and preganglionic autonomic motor neurons, as well as cell bodies of association neurons.

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13
Q

Brain is divided into:

A

cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum.

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14
Q

Ventricles:

A

supporting structure located within the CNS; the ventricles are four fluid-filled cavities with the brain that connect with one another and with the spinal canal.

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15
Q

CSF:

A

circulates within the subarachnoid space that surrounds the brain, brainstem and spinal cord; provides cushioning for the brain and spinal cord allows fluid shifts from the cranial cavity to the spinal cavity and carries nutrients.

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16
Q

PNS consists of:

A

spinal and cranial nerves, associated ganglia, and portion of the ANS.

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17
Q

SNS:

A

located in T1-L2; increases the rate and force of the heart contraction, dilates bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs.

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18
Q

PNS (parasympathetic):

A

located in the brainstem and in the sacral spinal segments (S2 through S4); decreases the rate and force, constricts the bronchioles and bronchi.

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19
Q

CN I:

A

olfactory; smell, testing sensory.

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20
Q

Test CN I:

A

identify odor; vials of scents.

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21
Q

CN II:

A

optic; visual acuity and visual fields.

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22
Q

Test CN II:

A

use snellen or rosenbaum chart; test peripheral by standing in front of pt and wiggle fingers.

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23
Q

CN III:

A

olculomotor; eye movement and pupil response.

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24
Q

Test CN III:

A

look at movement of the eyes; 6 cardinal fields of gaze; shape, response to light, accommodation; cover/uncover test.

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25
Q

CN IV:

A

trochlear; movement of the eyes, motor.

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26
Q

Test IV:

A

look at movement of the eyes; 6 cardinal fields of gaze; shape, response to light, accommodation; cover/uncover test.

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27
Q

CN V:

A

trigeminal; corneal reflex, jaw, face sensation; motor and sensory.

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28
Q

Test CN V:

A

evaluate sharp, dull and light touch sensations on cheek, and chin areas. Test corneal reflex.

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29
Q

CN VI:

A

abducens; eye movements; motor.

30
Q

Test CN VI:

A

look at movement of the eyes: six cardinal fields of gaze, pupil size (pen light), look at shape, response to the light, and accommodation, and opening of the eyelids; perform cover/uncover test.

31
Q

CN VII:

A

facial; facial expressions; motor and sensory.

32
Q

Test CN VII:

A

motor: observe pt performing a series of facial expressions (clench teeth, squeeze eyes shut, smile); sensory: touch (cotton on skin).

33
Q

CN VIII:

A

acoustic; hearing and balance; sensory.

34
Q

Test CN VIII:

A

hearing function: whisper or watch test; vestibular function: romberg test.

35
Q

CN IX:

A

glossopharngeal; taste, gag, swallowing; motor and sensory.

36
Q

Test CN IX:

A

watch patient swallow, gag, and taste test.

37
Q

CN X:

A

vagus; gag reflex; sensory and motor.

38
Q

Test CN X:

A

say “ah;” observe movement of the soft palate and uvula for symmetry.

39
Q

CN XI:

A

spinal accessory; shoulder shrug; motor.

40
Q

Test CN XI:

A

assess symmetrical shoulder shrug.

41
Q

CN XII:

A

hypoglossal; tongue movement, motor.

42
Q

Test CN XII:

A

test tongue strength and movement.

43
Q

Neuron:

A

basic functional unit of the brain.

44
Q

Neuron is made of:

A

cell body - clusters are call centers; dendrite - synapses for receiving messages; axon - carries impulses away from cell body.

45
Q

Cerebrum:

A

comprised of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.

46
Q

Frontal lobe:

A

conceptualization, abstraction, motor ability, judgment, and ability to write words.

47
Q

Pre-frontal cortex:

A

ability to plan, reason, concentrate, and adjust behavior.

48
Q

Pre-motor cortex:

A

coordinates series of movement or intricate, complex movements.

49
Q

Broca’s:

A

infero-lateral portion of frontal lobe; ability to speak.

50
Q

Parietal:

A

integrating and coordinating center for perception and interpretation of sensory information; involved in sensations of pain and touch, spatial orientation, and speech.

51
Q

Motor cortex:

A

sends instructions to muscles to cause voluntary movements.

52
Q

Temporal:

A

memory storage; integration of auditory stimuli.

53
Q

Wernicke’s:

A

posterior portion of superior temporal convolution - reception and understanding of language.

54
Q

Occipital:

A

visual center; understanding of written material.

55
Q

Diencephalon is made of:

A

thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus.

56
Q

Brainstem is made of:

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla.

57
Q

Midbrain:

A

origin of righting and postural reflex.

58
Q

Pons:

A

connects medulla, midbrain, and cerebrum; controls rhythm of respiration.

59
Q

Medulla:

A

connects central canal to spinal cord; vital center for cardiac, respirations, swallowing, gag, and cough.

60
Q

Cerebellum:

A

controls fine movement, balance, and position sense; keeps body oriented in space and maintaining truncal equilibrium, controlling antigravity muscles, checking or halting voluntary movements.

61
Q

Decorticate:

A

(towards core) arms flexed, wrist and fingers flexed, adduction of upper extremities, extension of the lower extremity, feet are plantar, can be unilateral or bilateral.

62
Q

Decerebrate:

A

poor prognosis – everything is hyperextended except hands; injury is at the level of the brain stem.

63
Q

Meninges:

A

connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord.

64
Q

CSF:

A

150 mls; 15-25 in each lateral ventricle; circulates within the subarachnoid space that surrounds the brain, brainstem and spinal cord.

65
Q

CSF description:

A

clear, colorless, SG of 1.007, minimum WBC, no RBC.

66
Q

CSF function:

A

cushion, support, nutrition, removes metabolites, empties into venous system through jugular veins

67
Q

Circle of Willis:

A

allows a continuous blood supply because of the communication between the arteries.

68
Q

Upper motor neuron lesions:

A

motor cortex, internal capsule, and other structures of the brain; loss of voluntary control, increased muscle tone or spasticity, no muscle atrophy, hyperactive and abnormal reflexes.

69
Q

Lower motor neuron lesions:

A

between muscle and spinal cord (may involve spinal nerves); loss of voluntary control, decreased muscle tone, flaccid muscle paralysis with atrophy, absent or decreased reflexes.

70
Q

Neuro assessment:

A

mental status, intellectual function, thought content, emotional status, perception, motor ability, language ability, motor strength, cranial nerve exam; assess muscle strength, balance and coordination, deep tendon reflexes, and sensory system.

Neuro-Vascular. (6 decks)

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