Nervous System

Question 1

wat is the primary function of the nervous system

Answer 1

to rapidly transmit signals throughout the body coordinating perception, responses and behaviors

Question 2

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system

Answer 2

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 3

what are the two sub divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

Question 4

what is the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

activates responses during stress of activity

Question 5

what is the function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

controls body functions at rest

Question 6

what are cranial nerves

Answer 6

nerves that emerge in pairs directly from the rain

Question 7

what are spinal nerves

Answer 7

nerves that emerge bilaterally from the spinal cord

Question 8

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

Answer 8

Soma (cell body), dendrites (receive signals), and axon (transmits signals).

Question 9

What is the function of synapses?

Answer 9

They allow communication between neurons or between neurons and effector cells

Question 10

How does neural signaling differ within and between neurons?

Answer 10

Within neurons: Electrical signals; Between neurons: Chemical signals (neurotransmitters).

Question 11

What type of cells provide structural and metabolic support to neurons?

Answer 11

Glial cells.

Question 12

Which group of animals lacks a nervous system?

Answer 12

Sponges.

Question 13

What are the three types of nervous system organization in animals?

Answer 13

No nervous system, nerve net, bilateral nervous system.

Question 14

What are ganglia, and what is their function?

Answer 14

Clusters of neurons and glial cells that receive sensory inputs and transmit signals to effectors.

Question 15

Which invertebrate has the most complex brain?

Answer 15

The octopus (cephalopods have well-developed brains and large optic lobes).

Question 16

What type of nervous system do arthropods have?

Answer 16

A “ladder-type” central nervous system with paired ganglia connected by ventral nerve cords.

Question 17

What are the three major ganglia in an insect’s brain?

Answer 17

Protocerebrum (vision), deutocerebrum (antennae sensory input), tritocerebrum (internal organ control).

Question 18

What are the two main components of the vertebrate CNS?

Answer 18

Brain and spinal cord.

Question 19

What are the three layers of meninges in mammals?

Answer 19

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater.

Question 20

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Answer 20

Protection, cushioning, and nutrient transport for the CNS.

Question 21

What are the three main sections of the brain?

Answer 21

Hindbrain (basic functions & movement), midbrain (sensory processing), forebrain (complex behavior & homeostasis).

Question 22

Which brain region links the nervous system to the endocrine system?

Answer 22

The hypothalamus.

Question 23

Which vertebrates have only two layers of meninges?

Answer 23

Amphibians, reptiles, and birds.

Question 24

What brain adaptation allows fish like mormyrids to communicate and hunt?

Answer 24

They have unusually large brains for processing weak electric fields.

Question 25

Which vertebrates have the largest brains relative to body size?

Answer 25

Birds like crows and parrots, and mammals.

Question 26

Which brain structures are particularly large in reptiles compared to amphibians?

Answer 26

The cerebrum and optic lobes.

Question 27

what is the resting potential in both invertebrates and vertebrates

Answer 27

-60mV to -70mV

Question 28

which equation predicts changes in resting membrane potential

Answer 28

goldman-hodgkin-katz equation

Question 29

what are the main types of voltage granted ion changes

Answer 29

na+ channels, k+ channels, ca2 channels

Question 30

what are the key phases of a action potential

Answer 30

depolarization, upstroke, overshoot, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Question 31

how does axon size affect action potential speed

Answer 31

larger axons propagate action potentials faster

Question 32

what is myelin

Answer 32

Myelin is a fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers, allowing for fast and efficient transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system

Question 33

what is the function of myelin in neural conduction

Answer 33

insulation of axons speeding up conduction and reducing energy costs

Question 34

what is saltatory conduction

Answer 34

when action potentials jumps from one Node of Ranvier to another

Question 35

what is a Node of Ranvier

Answer 35

A Node of Ranvier is a small gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber that helps speed up the transmission of electrical impulses through saltatory conduction.

Question 36

what is an action potential

Answer 36

An action potential is a rapid, temporary change in the electrical charge of a neuron's membrane, allowing it to transmit a signal along the nerve fiber.

Question 37

what are non-spiking neurons

Answer 37

neurons lacking voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 38

where are non-spiking neurons found

Answer 38

in the central nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates

Question 39

what is the key difference between electrical and chemical synapses

Answer 39

electrical synapses are fast and direct chemical synapses use neurotransmitters

Question 40

what structures facilitate electrical synapses invertebrates and vertebrates

Answer 40

connexons in vertebrates and exons in in vertebrates

Question 41

what ion is essential for neurotransmitters release at chemical synapses

Answer 41

Ca2+

Question 42

which protein are involved in vesicle fusion during neurotransmission release

Answer 42

syanptotagmin, synaptobrevin, ynatxin snap25

Question 43

what are the two main types of postsynaptic receptors

Answer 43

ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

Question 44

which type of neurotransmitter is used at the neuromuscular junction in vertebrates

Answer 44

acetylcholine

Question 45

what are the two types of acetylcholine receptors

Answer 45

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 46

which neurotransmitter is connected from dopamine

Answer 46

noradrenaline

Question 47

what is a neurotransmitter

Answer 47

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain and nervous system, playing a crucial role in various bodily functions.

Question 48

hat type of receptors to noradrenaline and adrenaline bind to

Answer 48

adrenoreceptors

Question 49

which is the neurotransmitter in the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmission in the human brain

Answer 49

L-glutamate

Question 50

what neurotransmitter is targeted by SSRI'S to treat depression

Answer 50

serotonin

Question 51

what is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS

Answer 51

GABA

Question 52

how to hormones differ from neural signals in terms of transmission speed

Answer 52

hormones act slower but cover longer distances

Question 53

how does cocaine affect dopamine neurotransmission

Answer 53

it block dopamine reuptake leading to prolonged activation of nerval pathways

Question 54

why are drugs like cocaine highly addictive

Answer 54

they cause permanent molecular changes in neurons leading to desensitization and dependance

Question 55

what is the mechanism of action of strychnine

Answer 55

it competes with glycine at the postsynaptic receptors preventing glycine from inhibiting muscle contractions

Question 56

how do environmental toxins impact honeybees

Answer 56

they impair learning and navigation affecting foraging behaviors

Question 57

how does mercury poisoning affect the nervous system

Answer 57

disrupts neural development and functions leading to cognitive and motor impairments

Question 58

What are some common venomous marine organisms that use neurotoxins?

Answer 58

Jellyfish, cone snails, venomous fish, stingrays, and sea snakes

Question 59

what are two primary sources of neurotoxins in nature

Answer 59

they can be synthesized by organs or obtained through diet

Question 60

How can neurotoxins be used in medical research?

Answer 60

They are studied to develop treatments for neurodegenerative diseases