Introduction to Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is physiology

A

the study of how animals function

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2
Q

what are the four main types of biomolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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3
Q

what is the most abundant element in the human body

A

hydrogen 63%

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4
Q

what are the 3 main types of chemical bonds

A

hydrogen, ionic, covalent

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5
Q

what is an ion

A

an atom that has gained or lost 1 electron making it charged

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6
Q

why are hydrogen bond important in biological molecules

A

they help maintain molecular structures such as DNA and proteins

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7
Q

what does it mean for a molecule to hydrophilic

A

it dissolves easily in water due to polar bonds or ionized groups

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8
Q

what is an amphipathic molecule

A

a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, such as phospholipids

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9
Q

how does water contribute to temperature regulation in the body

A

it has a high specific heat capacity allowing it to absorb and retain heat without large temperate changes

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10
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

simple sugar

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11
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

contains two monosaccharide

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12
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

long chain of sugars

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13
Q

what are the main types of lipids

A

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

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14
Q

what are the 4 levels of protein structure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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15
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acid

A

RNA, DNA

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16
Q

what type of macromolecule is an enzyme

17
Q

what does pH measure

A

the concentration of free hydrogen atoms in a solution

18
Q

what is an acid

A

a molecule that releases hydrogen into a solution

19
Q

what is the pH of pure water

20
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

21
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

It maintains optimal conditions for enzyme function, cellular processes, organ function, and prevents cell damage.

22
Q

Give three physiological variables regulated by homeostasis.

A

Body temperature, blood glucose levels, blood pressure (others: pH, oxygen & CO₂ levels, fluid balance).

23
Q

What happens if homeostasis is disrupted?

A

It can lead to disease and, in extreme cases, death

24
Q

What are the two types of feedback mechanisms?

A

Negative feedback (stabilizes) and positive feedback (amplifies).

25
Why is negative feedback important in homeostasis?
It helps return a physiological variable to a set point by counteracting changes.
26
give an example of negative feedback in the body
regulation of body temperature, blood glucose or blood pressure
27
what is positive feedback
a process that amplifies change continuing until final outcome is reached
28
what is an example of positive feedback
blood clotting, or utrine contractions during childbirth
29
what are the components of homeostatic system
stimulus, receptor, control center, effector
30
which part of the brain is responsible for temperature regulation
hypothalamus.
31
which hormone lowers blood glucose levels
insulin
32
which hormone increases blood glucose levels
glucagon
33
what is the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation
they detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the cardiovascular center in the brain
34
what is acclimatization
a temporary non genetic phycological adjustment to a natural environment change
35
what is acclimation
acclimatization in a controlled lab
36
what is adaptation
a genetic change in a population over generations in response to environmental pressure