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Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Define the centeral nervous system (CNS)

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Processes sensory information. Also the source of thoughts emotions, and memories. Also most signals that stimulate muscle contractions originate in the central nervous system.

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2
Q

Define the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All nervous tissue outside the CNS. Consists of nerves, and sensory receptors. Is divided into sensory, and motor division.

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3
Q

Define the sensory division (afferent) of the PNS

A

Division of the PNS that convays imput from the sensory receptors and delivers the information to the CNS.

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4
Q

Define the sensory receptors

A

Structures that monitor internal and external environment.

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5
Q

Define the motor division (efferent) of the PNS.

A

Division of the PNS that convays information from the CNS to effectors. Divided into 2 Subdivision.
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system.

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6
Q

Define the Autonomic Nervous system

A

The ANS convays output from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. Broken down into 3 main branches.

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric plexuse

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7
Q

Define Sympathetic

A

A branch of the ANS that is responsible for the “fight or flight” responses.
Opposite responses of the parasympathetic branch

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8
Q

Define the Somatic nervous system

A

Division of the PNS that conveys output from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

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9
Q

Define Parasympathetic

A

A branch of the ANS that is responsible for the “Rest and digest”
Opposite reaction to the Sympathetic branch.

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10
Q

Define the enteric plexuse

A

Branch of the ANS that is composed of the network within the neurons confined to the wall of the digestive canal. Roughly 100 million neurons
Can be regulated independently or by other branches of the ANS.

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11
Q

Define stimulus

A

Change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate a verve impulse.

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12
Q

What is a nerve impulse

A

Electrical signal that propagates along the surface of the membrane of a neuron. Travels due to movement of ions.

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13
Q

What is a neuron

A

Cells that are electrical excitability, and has the ability to respond to stimulus, and convert it into action potental.

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14
Q

What is the cell Body

A

Main body of the neuron. Contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm. Contains the nissel bodies, neurofibrils, microtubles, somatic spines. The dendrites, and the axon extend from the

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15
Q

What are nissel bodies

A

Free ribosomes, and clusters of rough endoplamic reticulum used to synthesize proteins that are used to replace cellular components.

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16
Q

What is neurofibrils?

A

Bundles of intermediate fillament that porvides cell shape, and support

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17
Q

What are microtubles?

A

Intermediate fillament that moves material between the cell body, and the axon

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18
Q

What is the somatic spine

A

Bumps on the plasma membrane that acts as a receptor site that bind chemical messengers from other neurons

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19
Q

What is the nerve fibers?

A

General term for any process that emerges from the cell body. Most neurons have two types. Dendrites, and axons

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20
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Short, and highly branched processes that are the receiving portion of neurons. Protruding from the cell body. Has dendritic spines that are the receptor site on a dendrite.

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21
Q

What is an axon?

A

Long, process that propagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, muscle fibers, or a gland. Connects to the Cell body through the axon hillock.

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22
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

Cone-shape elevation that connects the axon to the cell body. Where nerve impulses generate

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23
Q

Define the inital segment.

A

The part of the axon taht is closest to the axon hillock is called the inital segment. Where most neuron’s nerve impulses develope. (Trigger zone)

24
Q

What is the axoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm of the axon

25
What is the axolemma?
Plasma membrane of the axon.
26
What are axon collateral?
Side branches that extend off the axons.
27
What are axon terminals?
End processes of the Axon
28
Define a synapse.
Site of communication between two neurons, or between a neuron, and an effector cell.
29
What are synaptic vesicles?
Membrane enclosed sacs at the end of axon terminals that contain neurotransmitters.
30
What are neurotransmitters?
Molecules release from synapse, and excites, or inhibits another neuron or effector cell.
31
Define slow axoral transport
Axoplasm is moved in one direction from the cell body to the axon terminal. Moves 1-5mm per day. Helps replenish axon plasm in developing or regenerating axons.
32
Define fast axoral transport
Uses proteins that function as "motors" to move material in both directions. Anterograde: moves material from the cell body to the axon terminal. Retrograde: Moves material from the axon terminal to the cell body.
33
Define multipolar neurons
Has several dendrites, and only one axon. ( most neurons in the brain and spinal cord)
34
Define bipolar neurons
One main dendrite, and one axon (found in retina, inner ear, olfactory area of the brain)
35
Define unipolar neurons
Dendrites, and axon are fused together, and forms a continous process. (Sensory receptors)
36
Define purkinje cells
Very branched dendrites with many small branches of axon terminals. Named after the scientist that discovered it. ( Cerebellum)
37
Define Pyramidal cell
Cell body is pyramid shaped. Has many long dendrites, with a long axon with few axon terminals.
38
What are the structural classifications of neurons?
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, Purkinje cells, Pyramidal cells.
39
What are the functional classification of neurons?
Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons neurons
40
Define a sensory neuron
Either contains sensory receptor at the distal ends of the axon forms nerve impulsed in its axon, and conveys it into the CNS. (Unipolar structure)
41
Define a motor neuron
Converys nerve impulses away from the CNS to effector cells. (multipolar structure)
42
Define interneurons
Located within the CNS, between sensory, and motor neurons. Sensory information is conveyed to motor neurons eliciting a response. (multipolar structure)
43
What is neuroglia?
Volume of the CNS, and is able to protect, and support in both the CNS and PNS. Cells are able to divide, fill spaces within the CNS incase of disease, or injury. There are 4 types in the CNS (Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes,Microgliocytes), and 2 types in the PNS. ( Schwann cells, and satellite cells)
44
What is an astrocyte?
Star shaped cell with many processes. Largest and most nurmerous of the neuroglia. 2 types( protoplasmic astrocytes: has short branches found in grey matter. Fibrous astrocytes: has long unbranched processes. located in white matter)
45
What is an oligodendrocyte?
Smaller, and has fewer processes than astrocytes. Is responsible for forming and maintaining myelin sheath.
46
What is microgliocytes (microglial cells)?
Small cells that have thin processes. function as phagocytes removing debris from normal cellular function.
47
What are Epidymal cells
Simple cuboidal or columnar cells, possess microvilli, or cillia. Lines the ventrical of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. Produce, and helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid. Also forms the blood brain barrier.
48
What are Schwann cells?
Forms the myelin sheath around the axon of the PNS, or covers several axions that lack a myelin sheath.
49
What are satellite cells?
Flat cells around the cell body that provide structural support, also regulates materials, neuronal cells, and interstitial fluid.
50
Define a ganglion
Bundles of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
51
Define a nucleus
Bundles of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS
52
Define a nerve
Bundles of axons in the PNS.
53
Define a tract
Bundles of axons in the CNS.
54
Define white matter
Composed primarily of myelinated axon is the inner section of the brain, and the outer section of the spinal cord.
55
Define grey matter
Composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia. The outer section of the brain, the inner section of the spinal cord

Bio241 (6 decks)

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