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GAB: PAFF > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Number of Cranial Nerves

A

12

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2
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory

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3
Q

CN II

A

Optic

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4
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor

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5
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

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6
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal

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7
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens

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8
Q

CN VII

A

Facial

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9
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal

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10
Q

CN X

A

Vagus

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11
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory

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12
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal

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13
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear

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14
Q

Cranial nerve pairs originating from cerebrum

A

Olfactory
Optic

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15
Q

Cranial nerve pairs originating from midbrain

A

Oculomotor
Trochlear

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16
Q

Cranial nerve pairs originating from hindbrain

A

Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

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17
Q

CN I route of exit from skull

A

Cribriform plate of mesethmoid bone

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18
Q

CN II route of exit from skull

A

Optic canal

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19
Q

CN III route of exit from skull

A

Orbital fissure

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20
Q

CN IV route of exit from skull

A

Orbital fissure

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21
Q

CN V route of exit from skull

A

V1 by orbital fissure and round foramen
V2 by round foramen
V3 by oval foramen

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22
Q

CN VI route of exit from skull

A

Orbital fissure

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23
Q

CN VII route of exit from skull

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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24
Q

CN VIII route of exit from skull

A

Internal auditory meatus

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25
Q

CN IX route of exit from skull

A

Petrobasilar fissure/jugular foramen/temporo-occipital fissure

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26
Q

CN X route of exit from skull

A

Petrobasilar fissure/jugular foramen/temporo-occipital fissure

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27
Q

CN XI route of exit from skull

A

Petrobasilar fissure/jugular foramen/temporo-occipital fissure
And foramen magnum

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28
Q

CN XII route of exit from skull

A

Hypoglossal foramen/canal

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29
Q

Purely sensory cranial nerves

A

CNs I, II and VIII

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30
Q

Purely motor sensory cranial nerves

A

CNs III, IV, VI, XI and XII

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31
Q

Mixed sensory and motor cranial nerves

A

CNs V, VII, IX and X

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32
Q

Mixed sensory and motor spinal nerves

A

ALL spinal nerves are mixed

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33
Q

CN III Innervation

A

General Somatic Motor (GSM) Innervating extraocular muscles
General Visceral Motor (GVM) Innervating circular muscles of the iris (parasympathetic)

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34
Q

CN IV Innervation

A

General Somatic Motor (GSM) Innervating extraocular muscles

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35
Q

CN VI Innervation

A

General Somatic Motor (GSM) Innervating extraocular muscles

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36
Q

Order of CN nuclei midline to lateral

A

GSM (III, IV, VI, XII)
SVM (V, VII, IX, X, XI)
GVM (III, VII, IX, X)
GVS (IX, X)
SSS/SVS (VII, VIII, IX, X)
GSS (III, IV, V, VI)

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37
Q

3 branches of trigeminal nerve

A

V1 - Opthalmic
V2 - Maxillary
V3 - Mandibular

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38
Q

Composition of trigeminal nerve

A

Sensory component (V1-3) innervates most of face skin and ear canal
Motor component (V3) innervates muscles of mastication

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39
Q

Composition of facial nerve

A

Motor innervation to all face muscles (except raising upper eyelid), stapedius muscle in ear and digastricus in equines
Parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland and mandibular salivary gland
Special sense innervation - gustatory cranial 2/3 of tongue
Sensory innervation of ear skin

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40
Q

Only cranial nerves with major extracranial distribution

A

X - Vagus
XI - Accessory

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41
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability of the lens to change shape in order to change the eye’s focal length

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42
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Continuous with eyelid skin
Contains goblet cells

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43
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent
Avascular
First stage of refraction

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44
Q

Aqueous humour

A

Provides nutrients for lens and cornea
Produced in ciliary body
Maintains intraocular pressure
Replaced multiple times per day

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45
Q

Vitreous humour

A

Water, hyaluronic acid and collagen in addition to aqueous humour composition
Produced in ciliary body

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46
Q

Lens

A

Derivative of the optic placode
Softer cortex, firmer nucleus
Cuboidal epithelium
Avascular and aneural, bathed in aqueous humour

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47
Q

Fovea

A

Caudal part of the retina, with nothing overlying the rods and cones

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48
Q

4 layers of retina (inner to outer)

A

Ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
Photoreceptors (rods and cones)
Retinal pigment epithelium

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49
Q

Tapetum lucidum

A

Innermost layer of choroid, directly underlying retina
Most important in nocturnal animals
Reflects light around eye, increasing light hitting photoreceptors

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50
Q

Functions of ciliary body

A

Production of aqueous humour
Production of aqueous humour
Accommodation

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51
Q

Sclera

A

Vascular, unlike the cornea
Continuous with the cornea at the limbus
Continuous with the dura at the optic stalk

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52
Q

3 layers of tear film

A

Mucous - Adheres tears to conjunctiva
Aqueous - IgA, cleansing, oxygenating, filling optical defects
Oily - Prevents evaporation of tear film

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53
Q

Flow of aqueous humour

A

Ciliary body
Posterior chamber
Anterior chamber
Irido-corneal angle
Canal of Schlemm
Episcleral venous system

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54
Q

CN III deficit eye position

A

Eye pulled ventrolaterally
Dorsal, medial, ventral rectus and ventral oblique affected

55
Q

CN IV deficit eye position

A

Eye pulled dorsolaterally
Dorsal rectus affected

56
Q

CN VI deficit eye position

A

Eye pulled medially
Lateral rectus affected

57
Q

Strabismus

A

Abnormal eye position caused by damage to nerves supplying eye muscles

58
Q

How do rods and cones work?

A

Rhodopsin split by light to opsin and retinine. Conformation change from cis-retinine to trans-retinine causes signal transduction to optic nerve

59
Q

Rods

A

Low light
No colour

60
Q

Cones

A

Bright light
Colour

61
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

Constriction:
Bright light via CN II induces reflex through CN III to constrict pupil.
Dilation:
Low light via CN II induces a response through sympathetic fibres to dilate pupil

62
Q

Palpebral reflex

A

Eyelid touch via opthalmic branch of CN V causes eye closure via CN VII and eyeball retraction via CN VI

63
Q

Corneal reflex

A

Touch of the cornea transmitted via ophthalmic branch of CN V induces closure of eye via CN VII

64
Q

Menace response

A

Input via CN II invokes CN VII to close eye

65
Q

Nictating reflex

A

Touch of third eyelid while eyelids are forced open transmitted via ophthalmic branch of CN V causes retraction of eyeball via CN VI

66
Q

Fixating response

A

Stimulation of extraocular muscles by CN III, IV and VI to move eye to track a stationary object

67
Q

Oculocardiac response

A

Gentle pressure to eyeballs transmitted via ophthalmic branch of CN V sends input to cardiac centres in medulla to slow heart rate

68
Q

Signs of Horner syndrome

A

Miosis (decreased sympathetic innervation of iris)
Ptosis (decreased sympathetic innervation to smooth muscles of eyelid)
Reduced intraocular pressure (due to vasodilation)
Third eyelid protrusion (mechanical consequence of eyeball retraction)
Enopthalmia (eye sunken due to reduced intraocular pressure)
Conjunctival vascular engorgement
Increased sweating of one side of the face in horses for some reason

69
Q

Causes of Horner syndrome

A

Deficit of vagosympathetic innervation to the eye
Brainstem, spinal cord, vagosympathetic trunk, cranial cervical ganglia or postganglionic sympathetic fibres

70
Q

Causes of unilateral miosis

A

Horners syndrome
Uveitis
Pilocarpine (drug)

71
Q

Causes of bilateral miosis

A

Lesion of optic tectum causing both Edinger-Westphal nuclei to lose their ability to inhibit CN III

72
Q

Causes of unilateral ptosis

A

Lesion of CN III to levator palpebral superioris
Lesion of CN VII
Horner syndrome

73
Q

Causes of bilateral ptosis

A

Brainstem lesion of CN VII nucleus

74
Q

Causes of unilateral mydriasis

A

Glaucoma
Atropine (drug)

75
Q

Causes of bilateral mydriasis

A

Brainstem lesion to both Edinger-Westphal nuclei cuts off parasympathetic innervation to eye

76
Q

Which germinal layers is the eye formed from?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm

77
Q

Components of eye development

A

Formation of optic sulcus, optic vesicle, optic cup and optic/lens placode
Development and differentiation of lens
Formation of iris and ciliary apparatus, choroid, sclera and cornea
Development of adnexa

78
Q

Adnexa

A

Tissues and glands surrounding eye

79
Q

When is the optic sulcus formed?

A

Very early, before neural plate closure

80
Q

Location of motor cortex

81
Q

Location of auditory cortex

82
Q

Location of somatosensory cortex

A

Cerebral cortex

83
Q

Location of occipital cortex

84
Q

Location of olfactory cortex

85
Q

Sensory pathways of the medial lemniscal system

A

Dorsal columns
Spinothalamic tracts
Spinocervicothalamic tracts

86
Q

Dorsal columns information

A

Hindlimb (Gracile tract)
Forelimb (Cuneate tract)
Touch
Pressure
Kinaesthesia

87
Q

Spinothalamic tracts information

A

Superficial pain and temperature of skin and viscera
Well developed in domestic species

88
Q

Spinocervicothalamic tracts information

A

Touch
Pressure
Some superficial pain in skin

89
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

Ribbon of heavily myelinated axons of dorsal columns, spinothalamic tract and spinocervicothalamic tract in medulla oblongata

90
Q

Route of dorsal columns

A

3 axon relay
Decussates
First axon passes via grey matter of spinal cord to medulla
Second axon passes from medulla across midline via medial lemniscus to thalamus
Third axon passes from thalamus to somatosensory cortex

91
Q

Route of spinothalamic tract

A

Any number of neurons
Perceived by both sides of brain
Tract passes via grey matter, medial lemniscus and thalamus to somatosensory cortex
The side that decussates does so in grey matter of spinal cord

92
Q

Route of spinocervicothalamic tract

A

4 axon relay
Decussates
First axon passes to grey matter of spinal cord
Second axon passes from grey matter of spinal cord to C1/C2 lateral cervical nucleus
Third axon passes from C1/C2 lateral cervical nucleus across midline via medial lemniscus to thalamus
Fourth axon passes from thalamus to somatosensory cortex

93
Q

Species differences of spinocervicothalamic tract

A

Well developed in fast, agile carnivores
Very different in humans to veterinary species

94
Q

Information carried by ascending reticular formation/spinoreticular tracts

A

“True pain” of all intensities from superficial to visceral tissues
Arousal

95
Q

Route of ascending reticular formation/spinoreticular tracts

A

Many neurons
Perceived bilaterally
First axon passes to deep grey matter of spinal cord
Middle axons pass from spinal cord to thalamus
Final axon passes from thalamus to somatosensory cortex

96
Q

Information carried by spinocerebellar tract

A

Subconscious proprioception
Co-ordination
Fine-tuning movement

97
Q

Route of spinocerebellar tract

A

2 axon relay
Decussates
First axon passes to spinal cord
Second axon passes from spinal cord to cerebellum

98
Q

2 pathways of pain transmission

A

Spinothalamic tract (fast, initial or pinprick)
Spinoreticular tract (slow, delayed or true)

99
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Tissue damage releases chemicals making even a light touch painful

100
Q

Location of cervical intumescence in the dog

101
Q

Location of lumbar intumescence in the dog

102
Q

Principles of lesion localisation

A

What? - presence or absence of sensory deficits
Where? - functional regions of CNS, decussation
Why? - etiology

103
Q

Gamma motor neuron

A

Fusimotor
Thin axon
Slow conducting
Myelinated

104
Q

Alpha motor neuron

A

Skeletomotor
Thick axon
Fast conducting
Myelinated

105
Q

Functions of somatic motor systems

A

Anti-gravity
Stable posture
Starting, controlling and stopping voluntary movement

106
Q

Functions of pyramidal system

A

Voluntary, detailed movement
Present only in mammals

107
Q

Functions of extrapyramidal system

A

Automatic or semi-automatic
Postural or rhythmic activity

108
Q

Location of primary motor cortex

A

Frontal lobe

109
Q

Route of pyramidal system

A

Decussates
3 axon relay
Upper motor neuron passes from motor cortex via pyramid (ventral midbrain -> medulla oblongata) where it decussates to spinal cord
Interneuron passes through spinal cord
Lower motor neuron passes from spinal cord to NMJ

110
Q

Feeback on pyramidal system

A

Projections from higher motor centres to cerebellum tell it of intended action
Cerebellum “fine tunes” movement via feedback back to higher motor centres
Decussates (ipsilateral to muscle activity)

111
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion sequelae

A

Lack of control from higher centres eg reflexes present but exaggerated
No paralysis

112
Q

Lower motor neuron sequelae

A

Paralysis
Muscle atrophy

113
Q

Extrapyramidal system tracts

A

Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal (pontine & medullary)
Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal

114
Q

Function of rubrospinal tract

A

Conscious movement of flexors

115
Q

Function of reticulospinal tract

A

Arousal
Extensors

116
Q

Function of vestibulospinal tract

A

Balance and postural movement of extensors

117
Q

Function of tectospinal tract

A

Turns neck in response to AV stimuli

118
Q

Cause of extensor rigidity

A

Lesion to upper motor neurons causes loss of extensor inhibition

119
Q

Archicerebellum

A

Flocculus/nodulus
Balance and posture
Receives brainstem inputs (vestibular, visual etc)

120
Q

Neocerebellum

A

Caudal hemispheres
Voluntary motor
Receives cortical inputs

121
Q

Palaeocerebellum

A

Vermis/rostral
Tone & posture
Receives spinal cord inputs eg muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs

122
Q

Sequelae of cerebellar lesion

A

Loss of co-ordination
Tremors
Loss of subconscious proprioception
NOT PARALYSIS

123
Q

Clinical Signs of CN I Disfunction

124
Q

Clinical Signs of CN II Disfunction

125
Q

Clinical Signs of CN III Disfunction

126
Q

Clinical Signs of CN IV Disfunction

127
Q

Clinical Signs of CN V Disfunction

128
Q

Clinical Signs of CN VI Disfunction

129
Q

Clinical Signs of CN VII Disfunction

130
Q

Clinical Signs of CN VIII Disfunction

131
Q

Clinical Signs of CN IX Disfunction

132
Q

Clinical Signs of CN X Disfunction

133
Q

Clinical Signs of CN XI Disfunction

134
Q

Clinical Signs of CN XII Disfunction

GAB: PAFF (4 decks)

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