nervous system Flashcards
involves release of neurotransmitters
1.Chemical Synapse
pre- and postsynaptic neurons are
bound by gap junctions; rare; found
in the brain and eyes
Electrical Synapse
*serve as the integrating and
processing area
*“decision making”
* color is due to cell bodies and
dendrites of neurons
GRAY MATTER:
superficial layer of gray matter in the brain
cortex
cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
center
center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries in the CNS
nucleus
relay nerve signals
*provides means for information to
be transmitted throughout the
body
*color is due to myelinated
axons
WHITE MATTER:
bundles of axon within the CNS that shares a common origin and destination
tract
Innermost layer
tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain
help form CSF in the
ventricles
pia matter
deep to it is the
subarachnoid space, which
contains CSF
support cerebral arteries and
veins within subarachnoid
space
Arachnoid
Mater
toughest meninges
the 2 layers are usually fused
but separate in some
1.Periosteal Layer
2. Meningeal layer
dura matter
toughest meninges
the 2 layers are usually fused but separate in some
dura matter
drain blood from brain
Dural Venous Sinus
contains the arteries and veins that
nourish the meninges and bones of the
cranium.
Epidural Space
positioned between the arachnoid
mater and the dura mater
Subdural Space
double layers of dura mater
These membranous partitions separate specific
parts of the brain and provide additional
stabilization and support to the brain.
Cranial Dural Septa
clear, colorless liquid that circulates within the ventricles
and subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Created by the choroid plexus
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Circulates from ventricles to subarachnoid
space
500mL per day
reabsorbed in arachnoid villi and returned to
the blood
Cerebrospinal Fluid
gatekeeper to control which materials pass from the blood into the
brain.
prevent exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in
the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances that could
adversely affect brain function.
Blood-Brain Barrier
However, this barrier is not absolute. Thus, lipid-soluble molecules
such as nicotine, alcohol, & some anesthetics, can diffuse across
the endothelial plasma membranes
It is markedly reduced or missing in three distinct locations in the
CNS: the choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Blood-Brain Barrier
conscious thought processes and the origin of all
complex intellectual functions.
center of your intelligence, reasoning, thought,
memory, and judgment, voluntary control of skeletal
muscle movement and conscious perception of your
senses (i.e., vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste, and
proprioception)
Cerebrum
: It usually contains the Wernicke’ and Broca’s area. It is specialized
for language abilities and is important in performing sequential and
analytical reasoning tasks, such as those required in science and
mathematics.
left hemisphere of the brain
it is concerned with visuospatial relationships and analyses. It is
the seat of imagination and insight, musical and artistic skill, perception
of patterns and spatial relationships, and comparison of sights, sounds,
smells, and taste
right hemisphere of the brain
Voluntary motor functions including speech,
concentration, verbal communication, decision
making, planning, personality
Frontal Lobe
control voluntary skeletal muscle movement
Primary Motor Cortex
coordinating learned, skilled motor activities
Premotor Cortex
(Motor speech area)
Movements for vocalization
Broca’s Area:
General sensory input from both the skin and body
position
Parietal Lobe
receiving, processing, and storing somatic sensory
information.
We typically are conscious of the sensations received
by this cortex.
Primary somatosensory cortex
interprets sensations to determine the texture,
temperature, pressure, and shape of objects
Somatosensory association area:
Hearing and smell
Temporal Lobe
receives, processes, and stores auditory information.
Primary auditory cortex:
integrates and interprets the characteristics of sounds and
compares them to memories of sounds heard in the past
Auditory association area
receives, processes, and stores odor information.
Primary olfactory cortex:
Processing incoming visual information and
storing visual memories
Occipital Lobe
receives, processes, and stores incoming visual information
Primary Visual Cortex
integrates and interprets all of the incoming visual
information by analyzing color, movement, and form, and
uses this information to identify the things we see.
Visual Association Area:
Memory and interpretation of taste
Insula
Receives, processes, and stores taste information.
Primary gustatory cortex:
Associated with many higher intellectual functions such
as complex thought, judgment, expression of
personality, planning future behaviors, and decision
making.
Evaluates potential consequences of one’s actions, and
in so doing will modulate one’s behavior based on
societal norms
Prefrontal Cortex
typically located only within the left hemisphere.
Involved in recognizing, understanding, and
comprehending spoken or written language.
The Wernicke area and the motor speech area must
work together for fluent communication to occur.
It helps us to comprehend Words.
Wernicke’s Area
In general, the cerebral nuclei primarily help regulate
motor output initiated by the cerebral cortex, to help inhibit
unwanted movements.
Cerebral Nuclei
participates in the expression of emotions, control of
behavioral activities, and development of moods
Enables you to feel fear especially in threatening
situations.
Amygdala
Primarily focused on motor control, movement regulation,
and procedural learning
Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)
Diencephalon
Epithalamus,
Thalamus
Hypothalamus