cells and tissues Flashcards
functions of the cell
basic unit of life
protection and support
movement
communication
cell metabolism and energy release
inheritance
three main regions of the cell
nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
cells processes
nutrition
digestion
absorption
biosynthesis
respiration
excretion
secretion
response
reproduction
cells factors
matter
energy
organization
information
controls the center of the cell
nucleus
nucleus
controls the center of the cell
contains genetic materials (DNA)
nuclear membrane
barrier of the nucleus, consist of a double phospholipid membrane
barrier of the nucleus, consist of a double phospholipid membrane and contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell.
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
site of ribosome production
site of ribosome production, ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
nucleolus
chromatin
composed of DNA and protein and it condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides.
composed of DNA and protein and it condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides.
chromatin
plasma membrane
barrier for cell contents
double phospholipid layer
hydrophilic heads
hydrophobic tails
other materials in the plasma membrane
> protein
cholesterol
glycoproteins
microvilli
finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption.
finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption.
microvilli
membrane junctions
> tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
cytoplasm
material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
cytosol
fluid that suspends other elements and is the site of many metabolic pathways.
fluid that suspends other elements and is the site of many metabolic pathways.
cytosol
organelles
metabolic machinery of the cell which are membrane bound and have its own unique structure and functions
metabolic machinery of the cell which are membrane bound and have its own unique structure and functions
organelles
non functioning units
inclusions
ribosomes
where the proteins are produce.
endoplasmic reticulum
series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear.
series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear.
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasmic organelles
> peroxisomes
mitochondria
peroxisomes
small membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen peroxide
small membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
provides ATP for cellular energy
carry out aerobic respiration.
powerhouse of the cell
provides ATP for cellular energy
carry out aerobic respiration.
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
consist of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs
consist of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
membrane-bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus
contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive system
membrane-bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus
lysosomes
contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive system
lysosomes
cytoskeleton
consist of protein that supports the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.
consist of protein that supports the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.
cytoskeleton
consist of :
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules.
cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton are consist of?
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules.
centrioles
rod shape bodies of microtubules.
direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
centrioles
rod shape bodies of microtubules.
centrioles
cellular projections
Not found in all cells
used for movements
like (cilia) moves materials across the cell surface
(flagellum) propels the cell
Not found in all cells
used for movements
cellular projections
moves materials across the cell surface
cilia
what is cilia
moves materials across the cell surface
what is flagellum
propels the cell
what is membrane transport
movement of substances into and out of the cell.
what is the two basic methods of membrane transport
passive transport
active transport
passive transport
no energy is required
active transport
the cell must provide metabolic energy
solution
homogenous mixture of two or more components
homogenous mixture of two or more components
solution
solvent
dissolving medium
dissolving medium
solvent
solutes
components in smaller quantities within a solution
components in smaller quantities within a solution
solutes
intracellular fluid
nucleoplasm and cytosol
nucleoplasm and cytosol
intracellular fluid
interstitial fluid
fluid on the exterior of the cell
fluid on the exterior of the cell
interstitial fluid
selective permeability
the plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others.
the permeability includes movement into and out of the cell
the plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others.
selective permeability
the permeability includes movement into and out of the cell
selective permeability
movement of substance across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy
passive transport
diffusion
particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
movement is from high concentration to low concentration or a down concentration gradient.
particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
diffusion
movement is from high concentration to low concentration or a down concentration gradient.
diffusion
types of diffusion
simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
simple diffusion
unassisted process, solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
unassisted process, solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
simple diffusion
osmosis
simple diffusion of water, highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
simple diffusion of water, highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
facilitated diffusion
what happens before diffusion
particles are crowded outside the cell and some move into the cell
particles have reached equilibrium
what happens after diffusion
isotonic
normal red blood cell, concentration of water is same as outside
normal red blood cell, concentration of water is same as outside
isotonic
hypertonic
low water concentration,
water moves out of the cell during osmosis
low water concentration,
water moves out of the cell during osmosis
hypertonic
hypotonic
during osmosis water moves into the cell
during osmosis water moves into the cell
hypotonic
filtration
movement of fluid through a partition containing small holes.
solute pumping
amino acids, some sugar and ions are transported by solute pumps.
exocytosis
moves the material out of the cell carried in a membranous vesicle.
endocytosis
extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicles
phagocytosis
cell eating endocytosis
pinocytosis
cell drinking endocytosis
cell division
the formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell
interphase
the period between active cell divisions during which the DNA is replicated
Mitosis is conventionally divided into 5 phases:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, and cytokinesis
protein synthesis
production of proteins
gene
DNA segment that carries a blue print for building one protein and specifies the structure of an RNA molecule
functions of protein
building materials for cells
act as enzymes.
mRNA (messenger RNA)
carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to ribosome
transfer RNA (tRNA)
transfer appropriate amino acids to the ribosomes for building the protein.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
transcription
transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complementary base sequence or mRNA by an enzyme
it occurs at the nucleus
translation
base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence
occurs at the cytoplasm
amino acids
the building blocks of proteins.
epithelial tissue
covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.
types of epithelial tissues
> simple epithelium (1 layer)
> stratified epithelium (more than 1 layer)
glandular epithelium
shapes of cells
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
pseudostratified
single layer, but some cells are shorter than the others.
extracellular matrix
non-living material that surrounds living cells.
bone ( osseous tissue)
composed of bone cells
hyaline cartilage
abundant collagen fibers and rubbery matrix.
elastic cartilage
provides elasticity
location: external ears
fibrocartilage
highly compressible
fibrosis
repair cells by dense fibrous connective tissue
nervous tissue
neurons and nerve support cells found in the brain.
areolar connective tissue
most widely distributed connective tissue.
blood
blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix
adipose tissue
matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate.
reticular connective tissue
delicate network of interwoven fibers
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
can be controlled voluntarily
cardiac muscle
found only in the heart
smooth muscle
involuntary muscles
regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
events of tissue repair
> capillaries become very permeable
> formation of granulation tissue (new tissue)
> regeneration of surface epithelium
