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anaphy lec. > cells and tissues > Flashcards

cells and tissues Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the cell

A

basic unit of life
protection and support
movement
communication
cell metabolism and energy release
inheritance

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2
Q

three main regions of the cell

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane

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3
Q

cells processes

A

nutrition
digestion
absorption
biosynthesis
respiration
excretion
secretion
response
reproduction

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4
Q

cells factors

A

matter
energy
organization
information

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5
Q

controls the center of the cell

A

nucleus

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6
Q

nucleus

A

controls the center of the cell
contains genetic materials (DNA)

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7
Q

nuclear membrane

A

barrier of the nucleus, consist of a double phospholipid membrane

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8
Q

barrier of the nucleus, consist of a double phospholipid membrane and contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell.

A

nuclear membrane

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9
Q

nucleolus

A

site of ribosome production

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10
Q

site of ribosome production, ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

A

nucleolus

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11
Q

chromatin

A

composed of DNA and protein and it condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides.

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12
Q

composed of DNA and protein and it condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides.

A

chromatin

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13
Q

plasma membrane

A

barrier for cell contents

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14
Q

double phospholipid layer

A

hydrophilic heads
hydrophobic tails

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15
Q

other materials in the plasma membrane

A

> protein
cholesterol
glycoproteins

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16
Q

microvilli

A

finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption.

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17
Q

finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption.

A

microvilli

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18
Q

membrane junctions

A

> tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

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19
Q

material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

cytoplasm

A

material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

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21
Q

cytosol

A

fluid that suspends other elements and is the site of many metabolic pathways.

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22
Q

fluid that suspends other elements and is the site of many metabolic pathways.

A

cytosol

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23
Q

organelles

A

metabolic machinery of the cell which are membrane bound and have its own unique structure and functions

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24
Q

metabolic machinery of the cell which are membrane bound and have its own unique structure and functions

A

organelles

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25
Q

non functioning units

A

inclusions

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26
Q

ribosomes

A

where the proteins are produce.

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27
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear.

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28
Q

series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

cytoplasmic organelles

A

> peroxisomes
mitochondria

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30
Q

peroxisomes

A

small membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen peroxide

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31
Q

small membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

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32
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell
provides ATP for cellular energy
carry out aerobic respiration.

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33
Q

powerhouse of the cell
provides ATP for cellular energy
carry out aerobic respiration.

A

mitochondria

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34
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

consist of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs

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35
Q

consist of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs

A

Golgi apparatus

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36
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus

contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive system

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37
Q

membrane-bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus

A

lysosomes

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38
Q

contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive system

A

lysosomes

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39
Q

cytoskeleton

A

consist of protein that supports the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.

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40
Q

consist of protein that supports the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.

A

cytoskeleton

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41
Q

consist of :
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules.

A

cytoskeleton

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42
Q

cytoskeleton are consist of?

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules.

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43
Q

centrioles

A

rod shape bodies of microtubules.
direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

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44
Q

direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

A

centrioles

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45
Q

rod shape bodies of microtubules.

A

centrioles

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46
Q

cellular projections

A

Not found in all cells

used for movements

like (cilia) moves materials across the cell surface

(flagellum) propels the cell

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47
Q

Not found in all cells

used for movements

A

cellular projections

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48
Q

moves materials across the cell surface

A

cilia

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49
Q

what is cilia

A

moves materials across the cell surface

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50
Q

what is flagellum

A

propels the cell

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51
Q

what is membrane transport

A

movement of substances into and out of the cell.

52
Q

what is the two basic methods of membrane transport

A

passive transport
active transport

53
Q

passive transport

A

no energy is required

54
Q

active transport

A

the cell must provide metabolic energy

55
Q

solution

A

homogenous mixture of two or more components

56
Q

homogenous mixture of two or more components

A

solution

57
Q

solvent

A

dissolving medium

58
Q

dissolving medium

A

solvent

59
Q

solutes

A

components in smaller quantities within a solution

60
Q

components in smaller quantities within a solution

A

solutes

61
Q

intracellular fluid

A

nucleoplasm and cytosol

62
Q

nucleoplasm and cytosol

A

intracellular fluid

63
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid on the exterior of the cell

64
Q

fluid on the exterior of the cell

A

interstitial fluid

65
Q

selective permeability

A

the plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others.

the permeability includes movement into and out of the cell

66
Q

the plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others.

A

selective permeability

67
Q

the permeability includes movement into and out of the cell

A

selective permeability

68
Q

movement of substance across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy

A

passive transport

69
Q

diffusion

A

particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution

movement is from high concentration to low concentration or a down concentration gradient.

70
Q

particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution

A

diffusion

71
Q

movement is from high concentration to low concentration or a down concentration gradient.

A

diffusion

72
Q

types of diffusion

A

simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion

73
Q

simple diffusion

A

unassisted process, solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

74
Q

unassisted process, solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

A

simple diffusion

75
Q

osmosis

A

simple diffusion of water, highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane

76
Q

simple diffusion of water, highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane

A

osmosis

77
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

78
Q

substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

A

facilitated diffusion

79
Q

what happens before diffusion

A

particles are crowded outside the cell and some move into the cell

80
Q

particles have reached equilibrium

A

what happens after diffusion

81
Q

isotonic

A

normal red blood cell, concentration of water is same as outside

82
Q

normal red blood cell, concentration of water is same as outside

A

isotonic

83
Q

hypertonic

A

low water concentration,

water moves out of the cell during osmosis

84
Q

low water concentration,

water moves out of the cell during osmosis

A

hypertonic

85
Q

hypotonic

A

during osmosis water moves into the cell

86
Q

during osmosis water moves into the cell

A

hypotonic

87
Q

filtration

A

movement of fluid through a partition containing small holes.

88
Q

solute pumping

A

amino acids, some sugar and ions are transported by solute pumps.

89
Q

exocytosis

A

moves the material out of the cell carried in a membranous vesicle.

90
Q

endocytosis

A

extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicles

91
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating endocytosis

92
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking endocytosis

93
Q

cell division

A

the formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell

94
Q

interphase

A

the period between active cell divisions during which the DNA is replicated

95
Q

Mitosis is conventionally divided into 5 phases:

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, and cytokinesis

96
Q

protein synthesis

A

production of proteins

97
Q

gene

A

DNA segment that carries a blue print for building one protein and specifies the structure of an RNA molecule

98
Q

functions of protein

A

building materials for cells
act as enzymes.

99
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to ribosome

100
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transfer appropriate amino acids to the ribosomes for building the protein.

101
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

102
Q

transcription

A

transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complementary base sequence or mRNA by an enzyme

it occurs at the nucleus

103
Q

translation

A

base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence

occurs at the cytoplasm

104
Q

amino acids

A

the building blocks of proteins.

105
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.

106
Q

types of epithelial tissues

A

> simple epithelium (1 layer)

> stratified epithelium (more than 1 layer)

glandular epithelium

107
Q

shapes of cells

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

108
Q

pseudostratified

A

single layer, but some cells are shorter than the others.

109
Q

extracellular matrix

A

non-living material that surrounds living cells.

110
Q

bone ( osseous tissue)

A

composed of bone cells

111
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

abundant collagen fibers and rubbery matrix.

112
Q

elastic cartilage

A

provides elasticity

location: external ears

113
Q

fibrocartilage

A

highly compressible

114
Q

fibrosis

A

repair cells by dense fibrous connective tissue

115
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurons and nerve support cells found in the brain.

116
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

most widely distributed connective tissue.

117
Q

blood

A

blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix

118
Q

adipose tissue

A

matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate.

119
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

delicate network of interwoven fibers

120
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

121
Q

skeletal muscle

A

can be controlled voluntarily

122
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart

123
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscles

124
Q

regeneration

A

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

125
Q

events of tissue repair

A

> capillaries become very permeable

> formation of granulation tissue (new tissue)

> regeneration of surface epithelium

126
Q
A

anaphy lec. (3 decks)

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