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CAPS 390 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the bumps on the brain called?

A

gyri

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2
Q

what are the grooves on the brain?

A

sulci

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3
Q

somatotopic organization

A

different parts of the body represents different part of the brain 🧠 disproportionally

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4
Q

why is there more region in the brain about the face?

A

facial expression and verbal communication

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5
Q

why is there more region in the brain about the arm/hand?

A

fine movement, writing, playing the piano

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6
Q

what is the process of moving your arm? from betz cell to moving your arm

A

1, motor cortex activation: betz cells in the primary cortex are activated
2. descending signals: betz cells send action potential down their long axons, which travels through the internal capsule and then descend through the brainstem
3. decussation on the medulla -> spinal cord
4. muscle activation: motor neurons send their axons out to the muscles causing contraction

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7
Q

what is the function or betz cells and their characteristics?

A

motor function, longest axons and biggest diameter

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8
Q

what is the difference of 1˚ and 2˚ sensory cortex?

A

1˚: sensory info arrives first in your brain (hot, sharp, soft)
2˚: interpretation of sensory info (trigger memories)

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9
Q

dorsal vs ventral horn

A

dorsal: sensory input (receives info from the body)
ventral: motor output (sends signal to muscle for movement)

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10
Q

what are the two nervous systems?

A

central and peripheral

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11
Q

autonomic PNS

A

mediates motor info subconsciously -> involuntary action

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12
Q

enteric PNS

A

govern GI functions, operates independently of CNS

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13
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent: sensory - info towards CNS
efferent: motor - away from CNS

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14
Q

when happens if have lesion in dorsal root?

A

lose sensory

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15
Q

what happens if ventral root have lesion?

A

cannot reflex action

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16
Q

what are the general characteristics of neurons?

A

excitable cells, functional unit of neurotransmission

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17
Q

what are the general characteristics of glia?

A

non-excitable, enhance neurotransmission efficiency, help maintain the signaling abilities of neurons, provide nutrients and physical/immune support

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18
Q

function of smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of toxins

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19
Q

what is the function of nucleolus?

A
  • sub-nuclear structure
  • site of ribosome biogenesis
  • assistant in gene translation
20
Q

what is the info flow of neurons?

A

dendrites (receptor) -> soma (cell body) -> axon (conductive region) -> terminal (synaptic ending)

21
Q

what contents does the cell body contain?

A
  • Nucleus (prominent nucleolus)
  • Cytoplasm: cytoskeleton, organelles, golgi apparatus, mitochondria
  • SER and RER (Nissl body)*
22
Q

what contents does dendrites contain?

A

mitochondria, SER, microtubules, neurofilaments
lack Golgi complex

23
Q

what contents does axon contain?

A

mitochondria, SER, microtubules
no RER

24
Q

what is the function of microtubules?

A

cell maintenance
axonal transport - moves vesicles and proteins (anterograde), recycle neurotransmitter material and structural (retrograde)

25
Q

how does neurotransmitter travel from the axon terminal to dendrite?

A
  1. action potential: electrical signal travels down the axon of neuron to the axon terminal
  2. calcium ion influx: Ca2+ rush into the terminal
  3. vesicle movement: vesicles filled with NT move towards the presynaptic membrane
  4. vesicle fusion: vesicle fuses with the membrane and releases NT into the synaptic cleft
  5. binding to receptor: NT bind to receptos on the postsynaptic membrane
  6. signal transmission: trigger response in the next neuron
  7. reuptake or degradation of NT
26
Q

what is the function of glia cells?

A
  • structural
  • nutritive
  • immune
  • biochemical
27
Q

un-myelinated vs myelinated axon

A

un-myelinated: slow, infinite holes, more energy
myelinated: fast, enhanced propagation of impulse

28
Q

how does amount of myelination impact of motor and sensory? (types of pain)

A

heavy: somatic, acute pain
moderate to un-myelinated: autonomic, chronic

29
Q

node of ranvier

A

where depolarization occur

30
Q

what is the function of non-myelinating schwann cells?

A

assist in NT, axon maintenance, repair nerve injury

31
Q

what are the four types of glia cells?

A
  • astrocyte
  • schwann cells
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocyte
  • ependymal cells
31
Q

oligodendrocytes vs schwann cells

A

both create myelin to speed up signal transmission but oligodendrocytes: in CNS, myelinate multiple axons
schwann cells: in PNS, myeilnate 1 axon

31
Q

microglia

A
  • shield neurons from injury
  • stimulated by the release of chemo-attractants
32
Q

protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes

A

contract blood vessels, maintenance of blood-brain barrier

33
Q

capillary endothelium

A
  • tight lining of blood vessels
  • represents the blood brain barrier
34
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • continuous lining of brain
  • synthesize and secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricular system
  • form part of blood-CSF barrier
35
Q

non-neural vs neural capillary

A

non-neural: variety of pores, thin and not very restrictive, found throughout the body
neural: continuous-tight junctions, restricts large molecules, located in the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

function of protoplasmic astrocytes

A

regulate blood flow of the brain

37
Q

function of fibrous astrocyte

A

contact with neurons and blood vessels

38
Q

what can/X penetrate through the capillary (neural) endothelium?

A

X: many large, blood-borne molecules
can: lipid-solubule substances (alcohol, drugs), astrocytes readily contact blood vessels, fenestrated in the choroid plexus (water-soluble substances)

39
Q

ventricular system

A

protects the brain, provides nutrients, and maintain overall brain health

40
Q

what produces cerebrospinal fluid?

A

choroid plexus

41
Q

function of choroid plexus

A

produce CSF and separates blood from CSF

42
Q

CSF production

A
  1. ions, water, organic molecules passively filer out of CP capillaries interstitial fluid
  2. active mechanisms transfer solute into the CP epithelium
  3. synthesized in CP epithelium, CSF is then secreted into ventricles
43
Q

dural sinus

A

found within the layers of dura mater, drains blood from the brain and return them to the heart

44
Q

CSF circulation in the brain

A
  1. CSF circulates from choroid plexus through the ventricles and fills the spinal cord canal
  2. as it circulates, material diffuse between the CSF and the interstitial fluid of CNS across ependymal cells
  3. CSF reaches the subarachnoid space through apertures located in the 4th ventricle
  4. CSF then flows though the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord
  5. CSF drains from the subarachnoid space via arachnoid villi that pierce through the dura matter - into the venous cavities (dural sinus) where CSF enters the venous system
45
Q

the connective tissue coverings (CNS)

A

meninges:
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
(subarachnoid space)
3. pia mater - closest to the ceberal cortex

CAPS 390 (5 decks)

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