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CAPS 390 > Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

what are the similarities of bone and cartilage?

A

both contain cells embedded in an ECM that they have produced

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2
Q

what is the thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue covered on cartilage and bone?

A

cartilage: perichondrium
bone: periosteum

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3
Q

stem cells

A

can create more stem cells + differentiate into specialized cell lineage

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4
Q

potency

A

refers to the possible cell types that a given stem cell can generate

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5
Q

what are some main differences between cartilage and bone? (in terms of hydration and mineralization)

A

cartilage: very hydrated and squishy not mineralized
bone: rigid and mineralized

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6
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

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7
Q

periosteum

A

layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone

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8
Q

progenitors

A
  • in perichondrium/periosteum
  • stem-like, proliferate
  • lineage-restricted
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9
Q

blast

A
  • some proliferation
  • start to differentiate
  • lay down matrix
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10
Q

cytes

A
  • terminally differentiated
  • trapped in matrix = lacunae
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11
Q

function of synovial membrane

A

lubricated joints, reduces friction

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12
Q

articular cartilage

A
  • located at the ends of bones
  • provide smooth cushioned surface to reduce friction
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13
Q

what colour is the bone and cartilage with histochemical stain?

A

bone: red
collagen: blue

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14
Q

blood vessels in bone vs cartilage

A

cartilage: avascular (no blood vessels)
bone: richly vascularized

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15
Q

how does avascular cartilage affects its regeneration?

A

lower regenerative capacity due to the lack of blood vessels, hydration, and fewer stem cells

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16
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • most abundant type of cartilage; found in joints, nose, trachea, bronchii
  • entirely organic ECM (not mineralized)
  • mainly composed of: water, collagen, proteoglycan
17
Q

how does proteoglycan affect hydration and compression?

A

proteoglycans are negatively charged -> attract sodium and water -> increases diffusion index and keeps it hydrated and moderately compressible

18
Q

elastic vs hyaline cartilage

A

elastic: greater flexibility, more abundant and larger chondrocytes
hyaline: less matrix

19
Q

chondrocytes

A

mature cells found in cartilage for maintenance and repair

20
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells located in lacunae that help maintain bone health and regulate its growth

21
Q

characteristics of fibrocartilage

A
  • contains type I collagen
  • not distinct perichondrium
  • found in intervertebral disk
  • high tensile strength
  • little to no ability to regenerate
22
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

outer ring of fibrocartilage protects and confines nucleus pulposus

23
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

embryonic remnant of mesenchymal ‘notochord’; very few cells, high hyaluronic acid and water content; allow disc to compress and expand

24
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • defects in articular/hyaline cartilage within joints
  • cartilage has little regenerative potential
25
Q

what happens when fibrocartilaginous repair occur initially in wounded articular cartilage of mobile synovial joints?

A
  • mesenchymal stem cells can migrate from bone marrow into wounded articular/hyaline cartilage
  • within the wound stem cells differentiate into ‘fibro’ chondrocytes (more collagen I, less proteoglycan)
  • due to high mobility in joints, the fibrocartilage eventually worn away
  • then its replaced by bone on joint surfaces
26
Q

organic component = osteoid in ECM of bone

A
  • low amount of ground substance, some proteoglycan and glycoprotein
  • high amount of type I collagen fiber
  • low amount of diffusion
  • deposited first by osteoblasts
27
Q

inorganic component = mineralized in ECM of bone

A
  • consist of crystals
  • very low amount of diffusion
  • deposited late, by osteoblasts and osteocytes
28
Q

periosteum layers

A
  • outer fibrous layer, dense irregular CT
  • inner cambium layer, osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts
29
Q

how does mineralization occur?

A
  • collagen fiber - outside the cell
  • alkaline phosphate (enzyme) is secreted
  • form crystals outside the cell and mineralizes
30
Q

osteoblasts

A

cuboidal shape, matrix secreting machinery directed to attached surface of the cell; prominent RER

31
Q

osteocytes

A

stellate shape, located in lacunae (small space in matrix); send out processes through canaliculi and communicate via gap junctions

32
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • large multinucleate cell
  • derived from hematopoietic
  • can digest/destroy bone matrix
  • control blood levels of Ca2+
33
Q

what is osteoclast stimulated and inhibited by?

A

parathyroid hormone, calcitonin & bisphosphonates

34
Q

what are the 2 types of bone?

A

spongy and compact bones

35
Q

what cartilage is in growth plate?

A

hyaline cartilage

36
Q

osteoporosis

A

increase in bone porosity -> increased risk of fracture (greater resorption in bone remodelling)

CAPS 390 (5 decks)

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