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Human Biology ATAR > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neuron

A

nerve cell

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2
Q

Nerve fibre

A

Any long extension of cytoplasm from a nerve cell body (axon)

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3
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of nerve fibres surrounded by connective tissue

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4
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

1 axon, multiple dendrites
Motor Neurons

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5
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

1 axon, 1 Dendrite
Ear, Eye, Nose

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6
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

Cell body to one side of the axon
Sensory Neurons

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7
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves, Receptors, Muscles, Glands

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9
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between the end of one neurons dendrite and another neurons axon or cell body

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10
Q

Outline the steps in the transmission across a synapse

A
  1. A nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal, activating voltage gated sodium ion channels.
  2. There is a higher concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid, which flow into the cell at the presynaptic axon terminal.
  3. Synaptic Vessicles fuse to the membrane releasing neurotransmitters via exocytosis
  4. THe neurotransmitters diffuse across the gap attaching to the next neurons membrane
  5. Ligand-gated portein channels are stimulated open, allowing an influx of sodium ions and intiates an action potential in the postsynaptic axon terminal. Neurotransmitters are reabsorbed via enzyme degregation or diffusion.
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11
Q

Outline the steps in the transmission of impulses

A
  1. Positive outside, negative inseide (-70mv) at rest in the nodes of ranvier
  2. A stimulus large enough to break the threshold (15mv) causes voltage gated sodium channels to open allowing soidum ions to move into the neuron
  3. Depolarisation occurs at the nodes of ranvier
  4. Sodium channels in the next node are triggered open
  5. Repolarisation occurs as sodium channels close, potassium channels open and potassium ions move out of the neuron.
  6. Hyperpolarisation occurs as a potassium channels close and sodium/potassium pumps work to bring the membrane back to resting potential (-70mv)
  7. Action potential jumps from node to node (a saltatory conduction occurs)
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12
Q

Unmyelinated Nerves

A

-Depolarisation causes the action potential to flow onto the membrane immediately adjacent to the stimuus
- Nerve impulse travels the whole length of the axon
- Lower concentration gradient of ions on either side of the membrane
-Nerve impulse is slower

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13
Q

Myelinated Nerves

A

Depolarisation causes the action potential to jump from node to node
- Nerve impulse only occurs at nodes of ranvier
- Higher concentration gradient of ions on either side of the membrane
Nerve impulse is faster

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14
Q

Afferent (Sensory): Somatic

A

Carries impulses from receptors around skin and muscles to the CNS

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15
Q

Afferent (Sensory): Visceral

A

Carries impulses from internal organs to the CNS

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16
Q

Efferent (Motor): Somatic

A

Carries impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
- 1 nerve fibre
- No synapse or ganglion
- Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
- Always excitation

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17
Q

Efferent (Motor): Autonomic

A

Carries impulses from CNS to the heart and other involuntary muscles
- 2 nerve fibres
- Synapse and Ganglion
- Sympathetic (Noradrenaline)
- Parasympathetic (Acetylcholine)
- Excitation or Inhibition

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18
Q

Sympathetic

A

Flight or fight response (prepares body for strenuous activity)

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19
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest or digest (rest and quiet situations)

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20
Q

How many cranial nerve pairs are there?

A

12 pairs

21
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

31 pairs

22
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer surface of the cereberum
made of grey matter
In charge of higher order functions

23
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Thinking, problem solving, personality, emotions, movement control

24
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Processing memories, linking them to senses, auditory information

25
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Processing temperatures and senses

26
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

27
Q

Insula Lobe

A

Recognition of senses, emotions, addictions, psychiatric disorders

28
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Nerve fibres that allow for communication between the two hemispheres

29
Q

Cerebellum

A

Allows for fine controlled movements, balance and posture

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasis

31
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulates heart, breathing, diameter of blood vessels

32
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Grey matter surrounded by white matter
Made of:
Ascending Tracts - Sensory axons sending impulses to the brain
Descending Tracts - Motor axons delivering impulses from the brain to muscles
Spinal Reflexes

33
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Deepest fissure, seperates the cerebrum in half

34
Q

Gyrus (Convolutions)

A

FOlds on the surface of the cerebrum

35
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow downfolds on the surface

36
Q

Fissures

A

Deep downfolds

37
Q

Sensory Areas

A

Interpret impulses from receptors

38
Q

Motor Areas

A

COntrol muscular movements

39
Q

Association Areas

A

Intellectual and emotional processes

40
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect changes in temperature
Found in: Hypothalamus (Central; recieves information from peripherals), Skin (Peripheral; 2 types, cold and hot)

41
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Detect osmotic pressure (concentration of susbstances dissolved in the water of plasma)
Found in: Hypothalamus

42
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Regulateion of chemicals in the body (pH levels)
Found in: Nose, Mouth, Blood Vessels, Medulla oblongata

43
Q

Touch Receptors

A

Respond to touch
Found in: Skin

44
Q

Pain Receptors

A

Respond to damaged tissue
Found in: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Most organs (NOT BRAIN)

45
Q

Reflex

A

A rapid, autonomic response to a change in the environment

46
Q

Properties of a reflex

A
  • Rapid
  • Involuntary
  • Require a stimulus
  • Stereotyped
47
Q

Innate Reflexes

A

Response to a stimulus that is acquired genetically
e.g Suckling reflex

48
Q

Acquired Reflexes

A

Response to a stimulus that is learnt
e.g. catching a ball

Human Biology ATAR (8 decks)

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