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Semester 3 Biological Sciences 3 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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2
Q

what are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

what does gray matter mostly contain

A

cell bodies

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4
Q

where is gray matter located in the PNS

A

ganglia

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5
Q

where is gray matter located in the CNS

A

nuclei

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6
Q

what does white matter contain

A

myelinated axons

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7
Q

where is white matter located in the PNS

A

nerves

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8
Q

where is white matter located in the CNS

A

tracts and columns

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9
Q

what is the unique border of the vasculature in the brain

A

blood brain barrier

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10
Q

what regulates the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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11
Q

what does the blood brain barrier protect the brain from

A

toxins and pathogens

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12
Q

what is a blood filtrate system in the nervous system

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

where is CSF produced

A

choroid plexuses

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14
Q

where does CSF circulate through

A

internal cavities of the CNS and subarachnoid space in the meninges

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15
Q

what does cerebrospinal fluid transport

A

waste and nutrients

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16
Q

where does cerebrospinal fluid exit the CNS

A

arachnoid granulations

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17
Q

what are the internal cavities in the CNS

A

central canal in the spine and ventricles in the brain

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18
Q

how many meningeal layers are there

A

3

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19
Q

what are the three meningeal layers

A

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

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20
Q

these cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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21
Q

what are the 31 spinal cord segments

A

8 cervical, 15 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

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22
Q

what is the shape of the gray matter in the center of the spinal cord

A

butterfly shape

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23
Q

what do posterior gray horns contain

A

sensory nuclei

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24
Q
A
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25
what is white matter in the spine divided into
columns that have ascending and descending tracts
26
where is gray matter located in the brain
neural cortex and nuclei
27
where is white matter found in the brain
tracts between the cortex and nuclei
28
what are the 6 major regions of the brain
cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum
29
what is the largest region of the brain
cerebrum
30
what is the cerebrum responsible for
conscious though and intellectual functions
31
much of the cerebrum is involved with receiving _____________________ information
somatic sensory
32
what is the cerebrum divided into
left and right hemispheres
33
the right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the ______________ side of the body
left
34
the left hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the _____________ side of the brain
right
35
what is the highly folded region of grey matter covering each cerebral hemisphere
cerebral cortex
36
what is the cerebral cortex in each cerebral hemisphere divided into
lobes
37
what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, and insula
38
where is the primary motor cortex located
frontal lobe
39
where is the primary sensory cortex located
parietal lobe
40
where is the visual cortex located
occipital lobe
41
where is the auditory cortex located
temporal lobe
42
where is the olfactory cortex located
temporal lobe
43
where is the gustatory cortex located
insula/frontal lobe
44
what do association areas throughout the cerebral cortex help with
processing and integrating sensory information
45
where are basal nuclei located
cerebral hemispheres
46
what do basal nuclei do
facilitate voluntary movement
47
where is the substantia nigra located
midbrain
48
what do the substantia nigra communicate with
basal nuclei
49
what disease occurs if the the substantia nigra and basal nuclei communication is disturbed
parkinson's disease
50
what does the limbic system do
establishes emotional states and aiding memory
51
what structures are within the limbic system
amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus
52
what system do benzodiazepines affect
limbic system
53
what does disruption of the hippocampus cause
short term memory loss in alzheimer's disease
54
this division of the PNS sends commands to effectors
motor (efferent)
55
what does the somatic nervous system control
skeletal muscle
56
in the somatic nervous system, how many neurons connect the CNS to effector
one
57
what is the neuron in the somatic nervous system called and what does it release
lower motor neuron releases ACh
58
where does the lower motor neuron release ACh
neuromuscular junction
59
what does the autonomic nervous system control
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipocytes
60
how many neurons separate the CNS from the effector
two
61
where are the two neurons that separate the CNS from the effector connected
ganglion
62
what are the two divisions of the ANS
sympathetic and parasympathetic
63
this division of the ANS regulates rest and digest
parasympathetic division
64
this division of the ANS regulates fight or flight
sympathetic division
65
what do parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release
ACh
66
what do sympathetic postganglionic fibers release
norepinephrine
67
where are parasympathetic ganglions located
close to peripheral effectors
68
where are sympathetic ganglions located
close to spinal cord
69
this division of the PNS carries sensory information to the CNS from receptors
afferent (sensory)
70
what does the afferent division of the PNS regulate
external and internal environments
71
each pair of spinal nerves monitor a particular area of the skin known as a _________________
dermatome
72
what are the general sensory receptors
nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors
73
these receptors convey pain
nociceptors
74
where are nociceptors located
skin, joint capsules, periostea, and around blood vessels
75
these receptors detect temperature
thermoreceptors
76
where are thermoreceptors located
dermis of skin, skeletal muscles, liver, and hypothalamus
77
these receptors respond to mechanical stimuli
mechanoreceptors
78
what are the types of mechanoreceptors
tactile receptors, baroreceptors, and proprioceptors
79
these receptors detect touch
tactile receptors
80
where are tactile receptors located
skin
81
these receptors detect pressure
baroreceptors
82
where are baroreceptors located
organs that expand
83
these receptors detect position and monitor joints, tendons, and skeletal muscles
proprioceptors
84
these receptors detect chemical changes dissolved in blood, CSF and interstitial fluid
chemoreceptors
85
where are chemoreceptors located
brain and cardiovascular system
86
what are the special sensory receptors
olfactory receptors, gustatory receptors, photoreceptors, and hair cells
87
if a reflex has a skeletal muscle effector, what type of reflex is it
somatic
88
if a reflex is found in a visceral organ, what type of reflex is it
autonomic

Semester 3 Biological Sciences 3 (2 decks)

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