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Semester 3 Biological Sciences 3 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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2
Q

what are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

what does gray matter mostly contain

A

cell bodies

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4
Q

where is gray matter located in the PNS

A

ganglia

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5
Q

where is gray matter located in the CNS

A

nuclei

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6
Q

what does white matter contain

A

myelinated axons

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7
Q

where is white matter located in the PNS

A

nerves

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8
Q

where is white matter located in the CNS

A

tracts and columns

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9
Q

what is the unique border of the vasculature in the brain

A

blood brain barrier

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10
Q

what regulates the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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11
Q

what does the blood brain barrier protect the brain from

A

toxins and pathogens

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12
Q

what is a blood filtrate system in the nervous system

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

where is CSF produced

A

choroid plexuses

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14
Q

where does CSF circulate through

A

internal cavities of the CNS and subarachnoid space in the meninges

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15
Q

what does cerebrospinal fluid transport

A

waste and nutrients

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16
Q

where does cerebrospinal fluid exit the CNS

A

arachnoid granulations

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17
Q

what are the internal cavities in the CNS

A

central canal in the spine and ventricles in the brain

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18
Q

how many meningeal layers are there

A

3

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19
Q

what are the three meningeal layers

A

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

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20
Q

these cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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21
Q

what are the 31 spinal cord segments

A

8 cervical, 15 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

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22
Q

what is the shape of the gray matter in the center of the spinal cord

A

butterfly shape

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23
Q

what do posterior gray horns contain

A

sensory nuclei

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

what is white matter in the spine divided into

A

columns that have ascending and descending tracts

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26
Q

where is gray matter located in the brain

A

neural cortex and nuclei

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27
Q

where is white matter found in the brain

A

tracts between the cortex and nuclei

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28
Q

what are the 6 major regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum

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29
Q

what is the largest region of the brain

A

cerebrum

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30
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for

A

conscious though and intellectual functions

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31
Q

much of the cerebrum is involved with receiving _____________________ information

A

somatic sensory

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32
Q

what is the cerebrum divided into

A

left and right hemispheres

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33
Q

the right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the ______________ side of the body

A

left

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34
Q

the left hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the _____________ side of the brain

A

right

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35
Q

what is the highly folded region of grey matter covering each cerebral hemisphere

A

cerebral cortex

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36
Q

what is the cerebral cortex in each cerebral hemisphere divided into

A

lobes

37
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, and insula

38
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located

A

frontal lobe

39
Q

where is the primary sensory cortex located

A

parietal lobe

40
Q

where is the visual cortex located

A

occipital lobe

41
Q

where is the auditory cortex located

A

temporal lobe

42
Q

where is the olfactory cortex located

A

temporal lobe

43
Q

where is the gustatory cortex located

A

insula/frontal lobe

44
Q

what do association areas throughout the cerebral cortex help with

A

processing and integrating sensory information

45
Q

where are basal nuclei located

A

cerebral hemispheres

46
Q

what do basal nuclei do

A

facilitate voluntary movement

47
Q

where is the substantia nigra located

A

midbrain

48
Q

what do the substantia nigra communicate with

A

basal nuclei

49
Q

what disease occurs if the the substantia nigra and basal nuclei communication is disturbed

A

parkinson’s disease

50
Q

what does the limbic system do

A

establishes emotional states and aiding memory

51
Q

what structures are within the limbic system

A

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus

52
Q

what system do benzodiazepines affect

A

limbic system

53
Q

what does disruption of the hippocampus cause

A

short term memory loss in alzheimer’s disease

54
Q

this division of the PNS sends commands to effectors

A

motor (efferent)

55
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control

A

skeletal muscle

56
Q

in the somatic nervous system, how many neurons connect the CNS to effector

A

one

57
Q

what is the neuron in the somatic nervous system called and what does it release

A

lower motor neuron releases ACh

58
Q

where does the lower motor neuron release ACh

A

neuromuscular junction

59
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipocytes

60
Q

how many neurons separate the CNS from the effector

A

two

61
Q

where are the two neurons that separate the CNS from the effector connected

A

ganglion

62
Q

what are the two divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

63
Q

this division of the ANS regulates rest and digest

A

parasympathetic division

64
Q

this division of the ANS regulates fight or flight

A

sympathetic division

65
Q

what do parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release

A

ACh

66
Q

what do sympathetic postganglionic fibers release

A

norepinephrine

67
Q

where are parasympathetic ganglions located

A

close to peripheral effectors

68
Q

where are sympathetic ganglions located

A

close to spinal cord

69
Q

this division of the PNS carries sensory information to the CNS from receptors

A

afferent (sensory)

70
Q

what does the afferent division of the PNS regulate

A

external and internal environments

71
Q

each pair of spinal nerves monitor a particular area of the skin known as a _________________

A

dermatome

72
Q

what are the general sensory receptors

A

nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors

73
Q

these receptors convey pain

A

nociceptors

74
Q

where are nociceptors located

A

skin, joint capsules, periostea, and around blood vessels

75
Q

these receptors detect temperature

A

thermoreceptors

76
Q

where are thermoreceptors located

A

dermis of skin, skeletal muscles, liver, and hypothalamus

77
Q

these receptors respond to mechanical stimuli

A

mechanoreceptors

78
Q

what are the types of mechanoreceptors

A

tactile receptors, baroreceptors, and proprioceptors

79
Q

these receptors detect touch

A

tactile receptors

80
Q

where are tactile receptors located

A

skin

81
Q

these receptors detect pressure

A

baroreceptors

82
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

organs that expand

83
Q

these receptors detect position and monitor joints, tendons, and skeletal muscles

A

proprioceptors

84
Q

these receptors detect chemical changes dissolved in blood, CSF and interstitial fluid

A

chemoreceptors

85
Q

where are chemoreceptors located

A

brain and cardiovascular system

86
Q

what are the special sensory receptors

A

olfactory receptors, gustatory receptors, photoreceptors, and hair cells

87
Q

if a reflex has a skeletal muscle effector, what type of reflex is it

A

somatic

88
Q

if a reflex is found in a visceral organ, what type of reflex is it

A

autonomic

Semester 3 Biological Sciences 3 (2 decks)

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