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Biology y10 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the nervous system enable animals to do

A

enables animals to be sensitive to their environment and respond appropriately

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2
Q

why do animals need to be sensitive to their environment?

A

-to find food
-find a mte
-recognise and avoid potential threats like predators

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3
Q

how do animals detect changes in their stimuli?

A

using specific recepters found in sense organs

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4
Q

what are stimuli

A

an environment

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5
Q

examples of where receptors are found

A

retina - light
skin - pressure/touch
proteins such as those which detect glucose or insulin

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6
Q

all receptors are what of energy?

A

transducers

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7
Q

what is a transducer of energy

A

convert one form of energy into another. in the nervous system, information is carried in the form of electrical energy

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8
Q

5 sense organ receptors

A

-vision - retina, eyes
-hearing - ears
-smell - nose
-taste - tongue
-touch and temperature - skin

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9
Q

example of effectors

A

muscle and glands
eg. salivary glands

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10
Q

what are effectors

A

things that brings response to change in the environment

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11
Q

what response does the muscle and gland do

A

muscle - contracts and brings about movement
glands- secretes a hormone and / or chemicals

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12
Q

what are nervers

A

a collection of many long thin nerve cells called neurones. information travels along neurones as electrical impulses

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13
Q

what do sensory neurones do

A

carry impulses from receptors to relay neurones
found in the PNS

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14
Q

what do relay neurones do

A

carry impulses from the sensory neurones to the motor neurones
found in the CNS - central nervous system: Spinal chord and brain

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15
Q

what do motor neurones do

A

carry impulses from relay neurones to an effector (muscle or glands)
found in the PNS

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16
Q

function of cell body

A

where the nucleus and cytoplasm is found

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17
Q

function of dendrites

A

recieve electrical impulses from receptors or other neurones. found at the top of a neurone

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18
Q

function of axon

A

long and thin to transmit electrical impulses

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19
Q

funciton of myelin sheath

A

fatty material that surrounds an axon which speeds up the conduction of electrical impulses

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20
Q

function of nerve endings

A

fine branches of the axon that connects to the dendrites on a neurone or an effector

21
Q

what does the CNS act as in the nervous system

A

the co ordinator

22
Q

what does the central nervous system contain

A

relay neurones, the brain and spinal chords

23
Q

what does the PNS - peripheral neverous system conatain

A

sensory and motor neurones, nerves

24
Q

what is a reflex

A

a rapid, automatic and protective response to a stimulus, which we have little to no control over these actions

25
Q

examples of reflexes

A

moving away from a hot object
releasing saliva when food enters mouth
withdraw hand from sharp object

26
Q

advantage of pupil reflex

A

pupil constricts when a bright light is shone into the eye
won’t damage retina where your receptors are

27
Q

advantage of moving your hand when touching something hot

A

you won’t burn / scal your skin

28
Q

what is involved in the reflex action

A

reflex arc, consisting of sensory, relay and motor neurones

29
Q

reflex pathway in order

A

1) stimulant
2) receptor
3) sensory neurone
4) relay neurone
5) motor nuerone
6) effector
7) response

30
Q

name two co-ordinators

A

brain and spinal chords

31
Q

neurone that carries impulses to the central nervous system

A

sensory neurone

32
Q

neurone which carries impulses away from central nervous system

A

motor neurone

33
Q

structure that brings about the response

A

effector

34
Q

what is a synapse

A

a gap between the nerve endings of one neurone and a dendrite of another.

35
Q

how are electrical impulses carried across neurones?

A

electrical impulse travels down the first neurone, then chemical neurotransmitters are released and diffuse across the synapse.
they bind to the receptors on the membrane of the second neurone. electrical impulse then starts in second neurone

36
Q

advantages of electrical impulses being carried to multiple motor neurones from the relay neurone

A

allows lots of muscles to contract at the same time.

37
Q

what does a higher level of chemical neurotransmitters released in a synapse mean? and what about the opposite

A

increased amount of chemical: stronger contractions
decreased amount of chemical: weaker contractions / limited movement

38
Q

describe how neurones etc can help to coordinate a reflex action

A

receptor detects the stimulus then sends electrical impulses to sensory neurones. sensory neurones then synapse with relay neurones in the spinal chord (if it says spinal chord, if it says brain, say brain) which is the coordinator. relay neurones synapse with motor neurones which carries impulses away from the Spinal chord (or brain). effector receives these electrical impulses from motor neutrones and brings about the response

39
Q

why does repeating the test give more valid results than doing the test once

A

keeps results consistent

40
Q

the brain is the what in the nervous system

A

main co-ordinator

41
Q

KNOW HOW TO LABEL BRAIN

A

KNOW HOW TO LABEL BRAIN

42
Q

function of cerebral cortex

A

controlls intelligence, consciousness, memory and language

43
Q

function of cerebellum

A

coordinates muscular activity and keeps you balanced

44
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

regulates body functions like regulating body temperature

45
Q

function of medulla

A

controlls unconscious activity eg, heart rate

46
Q

function of pituitary glands

A

produces many hormones, involved in homeostatis

47
Q

why can surgeons perform on someones brain whilst they are concious?

A

brain has no pain receptors

48
Q

suggest how an fMRI scanner could help to find out more about the brain damage a person has

A

you can ask the patient to perform different tasks whilst taking the scan to see which part of the brain is active. you can compare it to a person without brain damage and use it with children and those with parkinsons disease.

49
Q

advantages of MRI

A

it scans soft tissues which X-Rays cannot be used for
areas of brain damage, disease or unusual brain activity can be located. results can be used in research

Biology y10 (6 decks)

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