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nervous system > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

overall function of the nervous system

A

Coordinate the body’s systems by receiving and sending information; maintaining homeostasis

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2
Q

what does the nervous system include

A

Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves

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3
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS

A

Nerves throughout the body
31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves

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5
Q

sensory receptors

A

ends of peripheral neurons that gather information by detecting changes inside and outside the body

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6
Q

systems of the nervous system (2)

A

somatic and autonomic

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7
Q

somatic

A

skeletal and voluntary

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8
Q

autonomic

A

Smooth muscles, Glands, Involuntary, Parasympathetic (rest and digest), sympathetic (fight or flight)

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9
Q

neurons

A

mass of nerves cells that transmit information

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10
Q

what makes up a neuron

A

dendrites, Chromatophilic substance, myelin, nodes of Ranvier, axon, nucleus

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11
Q

microglial cells

A

Immune function; digest debris, kills bacteria

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

make myelin sheath that provides insulation around the axons
(In the CNS)

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

connect blood vessels to neurons

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14
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

forms membranes around tissue

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15
Q

Schwann cells

A

form the insulating myelin sheath around the neurons in the PNS

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16
Q

how do nerve impulses travel
(8 steps)

A
  1. Neuron membrane maintains resting potential
  2. Threshold stimulus is received
  3. Sodium channels open
  4. Sodium ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the membrane
  5. Potassium channels open
  6. Potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane
  7. The resulting action potential causes a local bioelectric current that stimulates the membrane.
  8. Wave of action potentials travel the length of the axon as a nerve impulse
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17
Q

depolarization

A

loss of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle or nerve cell due to a change in permeability and migration of sodium ions to the interior

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18
Q

synapse

A

junction between two communicating neurons

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19
Q

Nerve pathway

A

dendrites, cell body, along axon, synapse, dendrite

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20
Q

Excitatory

A

increase membrane permeability, increases chance for threshold to be achieved

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21
Q

inhibitory

A

decrease membrane permeability, decrease chance for threshold to be achieved

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22
Q

ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain

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23
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy neuromuscular connections

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24
Q

Epilepsy

A

Excessive electrical activity within networks of neurons in the brain

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25
Q

MS Multiple Sclerosis in neuron

A

Myelin around the nerve fibers is lost (autoimmune) and forms scar tissue called sclerosis

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26
Q

nerve

A

bundles of axons, cordlike bundle of nerve fibers

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27
Q

Sensory fibers/Afferent fibers

A

Bring sensory information to the CNS

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27
Q

Motor fibers/Efferent fibers:

A

Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

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28
Q

meninges

A

layered membranes that lie between the bony coverings and soft tissues of the CNS.
They protect the brain and spinal cord.
Dura mater (outermost)
Arachnoid mater (midde)
Pia mater (innermost)

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29
Q

functions of spinal cord

A

conducting nerve impulses
Serves as the center for spinal reflexes

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30
Q

major parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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31
Q

cerebrum

A

Divided into a left and right cerebral hemisphere
The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres
Provides higher brain functions, Stores memory and uses reason, Intelligence & Personality arise from here

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32
Q

the lobes of the brain (4)

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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33
Q

diencephalon

A

Located between the hemispheres and above the midbrain
includes thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tract, optic chiasma, infundibulum, posterior pituitary gland, mammillary bodies, pineal gland

34
Q

thalamus

A

produces general awareness (pain, touch, temperature)

35
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates (heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, etc.)

36
Q

brainstem

A

Bundle of nervous tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord
includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

37
Q

midbrain

A

includes reflex centers (eye movement, auditory reflex)

38
Q

pons

A

relay sensory information to the higher brain centers

39
Q

medulla oblangata

A

cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers

40
Q

cerebellum

A

Large mass of tissue that is located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata
Communicates with other parts of the CNS

41
Q

cranial nerves (12 pairs)

A

I. olfactory
II. optic
III. oculomotor
IV. trochlear
V. trigeminal
VI. abducens
VII. facial
VIII. vestibulocochlear
IX. glossopharyngeal
X. vagus
XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal

42
Q

olfactary nerve

A

smell

43
Q

optic nerve

A

vision

44
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

most muscles in the eye

45
Q

trochlear nerve

A

moves eyelid

46
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

main sensory nerve in the face

47
Q

abducens nerve

A

controls lateral rectus (eye)

48
Q

facial nerve

A

facial expression

49
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing and balance

50
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

pharynx and tongue

51
Q

vagus nerve

A

controls the organs in the abdominal cavity

52
Q

accessory nerve

A

shoulder muscles

53
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

speech

54
Q

sections of the spinal cord

A

cervical (8)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (1)

55
Q

dorsal root

A

contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

56
Q

ventral root

A

contains the axons of the motor neurons

57
Q

plexuses

A

main portions of the spinal nerves combine to form complex networks.

58
Q

cervical plexuses

A

Deep in the neck
Contain phrenic nerves (control diaphragm)

59
Q

brachial plexuses

A

Deep in the shoulders
Supply muscles of the arms and hands

60
Q

lumbosacral plexuses

A

Lumbar region of the back
Controls lower extremities

61
Q

analgesia

A

loss or reduction in the ability to sense pain but no loss of consciousness

62
Q

analgesic

A

pain relieving drug

63
Q

anesthesia

A

loss of feeling

64
Q

aphasia

A

disturbance or loss of the ability to use and understand words

65
Q

apraxia

A

impairment in the ability to complete tasks

66
Q

ataxia

A

Partial or complete inability to coordinate voluntary movements

67
Q

cerebral palsy

A

Partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination due to cerebrum damage

68
Q

coma

A

unconscious condition

69
Q

cordotomy

A

surgical procedure that severs a nerve tract in the spinal cord to relieve pain

70
Q

craniotomy

A

Surgical procedure that opens part of the skull

71
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

recording of the brain’s electrical activity

72
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain and meninges, produces drowsiness

73
Q

epilepsy

A

disorder of disturbed brain impulses

74
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body including limbs

75
Q

huntington’s disease

A

inherited disease which causes dance like movements and personality changes

76
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical removal of the posterior arch of the vertebrae to relieve a pressing disc

77
Q

monoplegia

A

paralysis of a single limb

78
Q

multiple sclerosis in the brain

A

loss of myelin throughout the brain and spinal cord

79
Q

neuralgia

A

sharp, recurring pain associated with a nerve

80
Q

neuritis

A

inflammation of the nerve

81
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis in both lower limbs

82
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs

nervous system (4 decks)

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