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Anatomy and Physiology (LECTURE) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s control center and communication network.

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

Directs the function of the different organs and systems of the body.

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

2nd important regulating system that works with the nervous system to regulate and maintain body’s homeostasis.

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

The nervous system controls rapid _.

A

Electrical nerve impulses

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5
Q

The endocrine system produces _ that are released in blood which brings about its effect.

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Function of the NS: Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes.

A

Sensory input

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7
Q

Function of the NS: processes & interprets input & decide

A

Integration

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8
Q

Function of the NS: effects response

A

Output

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9
Q

What is under the structural NS?

A

CNS and PNS

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10
Q

What is under the functional NS?

A

PNS

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11
Q

What is included in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: Brain and spinal cord; PNS: Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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12
Q

The PNS is divided into two, which are?

A

Afferent and efferent

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13
Q

The ENS is divided into?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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14
Q

The ANS is divided into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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15
Q

Sensory information is integrated in order to generate a motor output.

A

Control center

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16
Q

PNS method of communication

A

Nerves

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17
Q

Afferent or?

A

Sensory

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18
Q

Efferent or?

A

Motor

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19
Q

Receptor to CNS

A

Sensory/afferent

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20
Q

CNS to muscle

A

Motor/efferent

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21
Q

To skeletal muscle (voluntary motion)

A

Somatic

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22
Q

To smooth and cardiac muscle (involuntary motion)

A

Autonomic

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23
Q

Rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic division

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24
Q

Fight and flight

A

Sympathetic division

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25
Q

Supports, insulates, and protects delicate neurons.

A

Neuroglia/glial cells

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26
Q

Neuroglia can conduct impulses.

A

False

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27
Q

Neuroglia has the ability to divide.

A

True

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28
Q

Most brain tumors are glial in nature.

A

True

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29
Q

Receive information & transmits biochemical information.

A

Neurons/nerve cells

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30
Q

The four types of CNS glial cells are?

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes

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31
Q

Star-shaped cells that wrap around nerve cells to form supporting network in the brain & spinal cord.

A

Astrocytes

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32
Q

Function in blood-brain barrier to prevent toxic substances from entering the brain.

A

Astrocytes

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33
Q

Attach neurons to blood vessels & tissues helping regulate nutrients & ions needed by the body.

A

Astrocytes

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34
Q

Most abundant and versatile neuroglia.

A

Astrocytes

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35
Q

Spider-like phagocytes that dispose debris, including braincells & bacteria.

A

Microglia

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36
Q

Glial cell that act in response to inflammation and injury.

A

Microglia

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37
Q

Line central cavities of the brain & spinal cord.

A

Ependymal

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38
Q

Their cilia helps circulate the CSF that fills cavities & forms protective cushion around CNS.

A

Ependymal

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39
Q

Line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities.

A

Ependymal

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40
Q

Looks like small astrocytes.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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41
Q

Wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating covering.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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42
Q

What does oligodendrocytes produce?

A

Myelin sheath

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43
Q

Fatty insulating covering

A

Myelin sheath

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44
Q

What are the two glial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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45
Q

Form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.

A

Schwann cells

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46
Q

Surrounds the axon in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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47
Q

Provide protective, acts in cushioning cells.

A

Satellite cells

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48
Q

Surrounds the cell body of a neuron in PNS

A

Satellite cells

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49
Q

Highly specialized to transmit message (nerve impulse) from 1 part of the body to another.

A

Neuron

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50
Q

What do neurons transmit?

A

Message/nerve impulses

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51
Q

Structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

A

Neuron

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52
Q

Neurons are mitotic.

A

False

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53
Q

Part of the neuron with nucleus.

A

Cell body

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54
Q

Metabolic center of neuron.

A

Cell body

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55
Q

The nucleus of the cell body is transparent and contains the nucleolus.

A

True

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56
Q

The cytoplasm of the cell body contains usual organelles except?

A

Centrioles, because neurons are amitotic.

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57
Q

5 parts of the cell body: _?

A

Mitochondria, golgi bodies, lysosomes, neurofibrils, extensive rough ER

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58
Q

Network of threads important in maintaining the cell shape of the neuron cell body.

A

Neurofibrils

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59
Q

The granular structure in the RER of the cell body where protein synthesis occurs.

A

Nissl bodies/chromatophilic substances

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60
Q

What are the two processes or fibers?

A

Dendrites and axons

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61
Q

Small extensions projecting from the cell body.

A

Dendrites

62
Q

Receptive areas of the neuron.

A

Dendrites

63
Q

How many dendrites does a multipolar neuron have?

A

Many

64
Q

Neuron process that convey incoming messages (electrical signals) towards the cell body.

A

Dendrites

65
Q

Single, long extension of the cell body.

A

Axons

66
Q

Conducting region of the neuron.

A

Axons

67
Q

Generates electrical signals for communicating & conducting them away from the cell body.

A

Axons

68
Q

Towards the cell body; away from the cell body.

A

Dendrites; axons

69
Q

Where does the impulse start and go?

A

From the axon hillock (trigger zone) to terminal branches (secretory regions).

70
Q

A long process or fiber that begins singly but may branch and at its end has many fiber extensions called?

A

Axonal terminals

71
Q

Contact with dendrites of other neurons.

A

Axonal terminal

72
Q

Where does the axon arises?

A

Axonal hillock

73
Q

Axonal terminals contain hundred of tiny vesicles or membranous sacs that contain chemicals called?

A

Neurotransmitters

74
Q

When impulse reach the axonal terminal, what will happen?

A

Stimulate the release of neurotransmitters into extracellular space.

75
Q

Cytoplasm within the axon.

A

Axoplasm

76
Q

A tiny gap that separates axial terminal from the next neuron.

A

Synaptic cleft

77
Q

Functional junction

A

Synapse

78
Q

Areas where terminal branches of axon are anchored but not touching the end of dendrites of the next neuron.

A

Synapse

79
Q

Pre-synaptic cell

A

Sending

80
Q

Post-synaptic cell

A

Receiving

81
Q

Junction between two neurons.

A

Synapse

82
Q

Gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cell.

A

Synaptic cleft

83
Q

A component of the synapse.

A

Synaptic cleft

84
Q

Composed of a pre-synaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, and a post-synaptic membrane.

A

Synapse

85
Q

Involved in the conversion of electrical signals into chemical signals and transmission of the nerve impulses into an adjacent neuron.

A

Synapse

86
Q

Involved in the transmission of nerve impulses between the membranes of two neurons.

A

Synaptic cleft

87
Q

Whitish, fatty material which has a waxy appearance that covers nerve fibers.

A

Myelin sheath

88
Q

Protects and insulates the fibers & increases transmission rate of nerve impulses.

A

Myelin sheath

89
Q

Gaps or indentations in the myelin sheath formed by many individual schwann cells.

A

Nodes of ranvier

90
Q

The nodes of ranvier allow ions to flow freely from?, which assists in developing action potentials for nerve transmission.

A

ECF to axons

91
Q

Myelinated axons conduct action potentials more quickly. How fast do they conduct?

A

3-15 meters/sec

92
Q

The CNS myelin sheath lacks?

A

Neurilemma

93
Q

Cytoplasm outside the myelin sheath.

A

Neurilemma

94
Q

Classification based on the number of processes extending from the cell body.

A

Structural

95
Q

The structural classification of neurons includes?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar

96
Q

Groups neurons according to direction the nerve impulse is traveling relative to CNS.

A

Functional

97
Q

3 functional classification of neurons?

A

Sensory, association, and motor neurons

98
Q

Neuron that has many dendrites and one axon.

A

Multipolar

99
Q

Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are?

A

Multipolar

100
Q

Neuron that has one dendrite and one axon.

A

Bipolar

101
Q

Neurons rare in adults and found only in special senses.

A

Bipolar

102
Q

Have 1 process extending from cell body. This process branches into a central branch (function as axon) & a peripheral branch (function as dendrite).

A

Unipolar

103
Q

The branch that functions as _ enters the brain and spinal cord, the branch that function as _ connect to peripheral part of the body.

A

Axon, dendrite

104
Q

Neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors to CNS.

A

Sensory/afferent neuron

105
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are always found in?

A

Ganglion outside the CNS

106
Q

Keeps us informed about what is happening both inside and outside of the body.

A

Sensory neuron

107
Q

What type is sensory neurons according to its structural composition?

A

Unipolar

108
Q

Simple types of sensory receptors seen in the skin.

A

Cutaneous sense organs/pain receptors

109
Q

Simple types of sensory receptors seen in muscles and tendons.

A

Proprioceptors

110
Q

What type is association neurons according to its structure?

A

Multipolar

111
Q

Where are association neurons found in the body?

A

Brain and spinal cord

112
Q

What do association neurons transmit?

A

Sensory impulse

113
Q

Connects motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways.

A

Association neurons

114
Q

What is done to the sensory impulse conducted to the brain/spinal cord by the association neurons?

A

Interpretation and processing

115
Q

Nerves carrying impulses from CNS to viscera, muscles or glands.

A

Motor neurons

116
Q

What type is motor neurons according to its structure?

A

Multipolar

117
Q

Brings about reaction to the original stimulus.

A

Motor neurons

118
Q

Myelinated axons

A

White matter

119
Q

The matter that forms nerve tract in CNS.

A

White matter

120
Q

Most nerves are _ matter.

A

White

121
Q

Unmyelinated axons

A

Gray matter

122
Q

Gray matter at the surface of the brain is called?

A

Cortex

123
Q

Masses of gray matter

A

Ganglia

124
Q

Areas of gray matter in the spinal cord is called?

A

Horn

125
Q

Collection of cell bodies in CNS.

A

Nuclei

126
Q

Collection of cell bodies in PNS.

A

Ganglion

127
Q

Collection of axons/nerve fibers in CNS and PNS.

A

CNS: Nerve tracts; PNS: Nerves

128
Q

Conduct impulse up the cord and concerned with sensation.

A

Ascending tract

129
Q

Conduct impulse down the cord and concerned with motor function.

A

Descending tract

130
Q

Descending tract is concerned with?

A

Motor function

131
Q

Ascending tract is concerned with?

A

Sensation

132
Q

What does being polarized mean in the physiology of nerve impulse?

A

The outer face of the membrane is slightly positive due to the chief extracellular ion sodium, whereas its chief intracellular ion is potassium.

133
Q

What initiates depolarization?

A

Stimulus

134
Q

How does the stimulus affect the nerve impulse?

A

Changes the permeability of the membrane, allowing sodium ions to diffuse rapidly inside the cell.

135
Q

What does depolarization signify?

A

Due to the rapid diffusion of sodium ions into the membrane, the inside becomes more positive while the outside become more negative.

136
Q

How is action potential initiated?

A

When depolarization causes membrane polarity to be completely reversed.

137
Q

When an impulse reaches the axon terminal, what does it trigger to release?

A

Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine

138
Q

Where is the neurotransmitters released into?

A

Synaptic cleft

139
Q

What are the other neurotransmitters found in the body?

A

Epinephrine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins

140
Q

A rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimuli.

A

Reflex

141
Q

Allows us to respond more quickly than if we had to consciously think about what to do.

A

Reflex

142
Q

Two types of reflexes

A

Somatic and autonomic

143
Q

Include all reflexes that stimulate the skeletal system.

A

Somatic

144
Q

Type of reflex involved when pulling the hand away from a hot object.

A

Somatic

145
Q

Type of reflex that regulates the activity of smooth muscles, the heart and glands.

A

Autonomic

146
Q

Type of reflex involved in the secretion of saliva (salivary reflex),changes in size of pupil (pupillary reflex).

A

Autonomic

147
Q

The pathway that results in a reflex.

A

Reflex arc

148
Q

Basic unit of the nervous system.

A

Reflex arc

149
Q

Smallest and simplest pathway able to receive a stimulus, enter the CNS for interpretation, and produce a response.

A

Reflex arc

150
Q

5 components of the reflex arc

A

Sensory receptor in the skin, sensory or afferent neuron, association or internuncial neuron within the spinal cord, motor or efferent organ, and effector organ.

Anatomy and Physiology (LECTURE) (2 decks)

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