Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
The body’s control center and communication network.
A
Nervous system
2
Q
Directs the function of the different organs and systems of the body.
A
Nervous system
3
Q
2nd important regulating system that works with the nervous system to regulate and maintain body’s homeostasis.
A
Endocrine system
4
Q
The nervous system controls rapid _.
A
Electrical nerve impulses
5
Q
The endocrine system produces _ that are released in blood which brings about its effect.
A
Hormones
6
Q
Function of the NS: Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes.
A
Sensory input
7
Q
Function of the NS: processes & interprets input & decide
A
Integration
8
Q
Function of the NS: effects response
A
Output
9
Q
What is under the structural NS?
A
CNS and PNS
10
Q
What is under the functional NS?
A
PNS
11
Q
What is included in the CNS and PNS?
A
CNS: Brain and spinal cord; PNS: Spinal nerves and cranial nerves
12
Q
The PNS is divided into two, which are?
A
Afferent and efferent
13
Q
The ENS is divided into?
A
Somatic and autonomic
14
Q
The ANS is divided into?
A
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
15
Q
Sensory information is integrated in order to generate a motor output.
A
Control center
16
Q
PNS method of communication
A
Nerves
17
Q
Afferent or?
A
Sensory
18
Q
Efferent or?
A
Motor
19
Q
Receptor to CNS
A
Sensory/afferent
20
Q
CNS to muscle
A
Motor/efferent
21
Q
To skeletal muscle (voluntary motion)
A
Somatic
22
Q
To smooth and cardiac muscle (involuntary motion)
A
Autonomic
23
Q
Rest and digest
A
Parasympathetic division
24
Q
Fight and flight
A
Sympathetic division
25
Supports, insulates, and protects delicate neurons.
Neuroglia/glial cells
26
Neuroglia can conduct impulses.
False
27
Neuroglia has the ability to divide.
True
28
Most brain tumors are glial in nature.
True
29
Receive information & transmits biochemical information.
Neurons/nerve cells
30
The four types of CNS glial cells are?
Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
31
Star-shaped cells that wrap around nerve cells to form supporting network in the brain & spinal cord.
Astrocytes
32
Function in blood-brain barrier to prevent toxic substances from entering the brain.
Astrocytes
33
Attach neurons to blood vessels & tissues helping regulate nutrients & ions needed by the body.
Astrocytes
34
Most abundant and versatile neuroglia.
Astrocytes
35
Spider-like phagocytes that dispose debris, including braincells & bacteria.
Microglia
36
Glial cell that act in response to inflammation and injury.
Microglia
37
Line central cavities of the brain & spinal cord.
Ependymal
38
Their cilia helps circulate the CSF that fills cavities & forms protective cushion around CNS.
Ependymal
39
Line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities.
Ependymal
40
Looks like small astrocytes.
Oligodendrocytes
41
Wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating covering.
Oligodendrocytes
42
What does oligodendrocytes produce?
Myelin sheath
43
Fatty insulating covering
Myelin sheath
44
What are the two glial cells of the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
45
Form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.
Schwann cells
46
Surrounds the axon in PNS
Schwann cells
47
Provide protective, acts in cushioning cells.
Satellite cells
48
Surrounds the cell body of a neuron in PNS
Satellite cells
49
Highly specialized to transmit message (nerve impulse) from 1 part of the body to another.
Neuron
50
What do neurons transmit?
Message/nerve impulses
51
Structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Neuron
52
Neurons are mitotic.
False
53
Part of the neuron with nucleus.
Cell body
54
Metabolic center of neuron.
Cell body
55
The nucleus of the cell body is transparent and contains the nucleolus.
True
56
The cytoplasm of the cell body contains usual organelles except?
Centrioles, because neurons are amitotic.
57
5 parts of the cell body: _?
Mitochondria, golgi bodies, lysosomes, neurofibrils, extensive rough ER
58
Network of threads important in maintaining the cell shape of the neuron cell body.
Neurofibrils
59
The granular structure in the RER of the cell body where protein synthesis occurs.
Nissl bodies/chromatophilic substances
60
What are the two processes or fibers?
Dendrites and axons
61
Small extensions projecting from the cell body.
Dendrites
62
Receptive areas of the neuron.
Dendrites
63
How many dendrites does a multipolar neuron have?
Many
64
Neuron process that convey incoming messages (electrical signals) towards the cell body.
Dendrites
65
Single, long extension of the cell body.
Axons
66
Conducting region of the neuron.
Axons
67
Generates electrical signals for communicating & conducting them away from the cell body.
Axons
68
Towards the cell body; away from the cell body.
Dendrites; axons
69
Where does the impulse start and go?
From the axon hillock (trigger zone) to terminal branches (secretory regions).
70
A long process or fiber that begins singly but may branch and at its end has many fiber extensions called?
Axonal terminals
71
Contact with dendrites of other neurons.
Axonal terminal
72
Where does the axon arises?
Axonal hillock
73
Axonal terminals contain hundred of tiny vesicles or membranous sacs that contain chemicals called?
Neurotransmitters
74
When impulse reach the axonal terminal, what will happen?
Stimulate the release of neurotransmitters into extracellular space.
75
Cytoplasm within the axon.
Axoplasm
76
A tiny gap that separates axial terminal from the next neuron.
Synaptic cleft
77
Functional junction
Synapse
78
Areas where terminal branches of axon are anchored but not touching the end of dendrites of the next neuron.
Synapse
79
Pre-synaptic cell
Sending
80
Post-synaptic cell
Receiving
81
Junction between two neurons.
Synapse
82
Gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cell.
Synaptic cleft
83
A component of the synapse.
Synaptic cleft
84
Composed of a pre-synaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, and a post-synaptic membrane.
Synapse
85
Involved in the conversion of electrical signals into chemical signals and transmission of the nerve impulses into an adjacent neuron.
Synapse
86
Involved in the transmission of nerve impulses between the membranes of two neurons.
Synaptic cleft
87
Whitish, fatty material which has a waxy appearance that covers nerve fibers.
Myelin sheath
88
Protects and insulates the fibers & increases transmission rate of nerve impulses.
Myelin sheath
89
Gaps or indentations in the myelin sheath formed by many individual schwann cells.
Nodes of ranvier
90
The nodes of ranvier allow ions to flow freely from?, which assists in developing action potentials for nerve transmission.
ECF to axons
91
Myelinated axons conduct action potentials more quickly. How fast do they conduct?
3-15 meters/sec
92
The CNS myelin sheath lacks?
Neurilemma
93
Cytoplasm outside the myelin sheath.
Neurilemma
94
Classification based on the number of processes extending from the cell body.
Structural
95
The structural classification of neurons includes?
Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar
96
Groups neurons according to direction the nerve impulse is traveling relative to CNS.
Functional
97
3 functional classification of neurons?
Sensory, association, and motor neurons
98
Neuron that has many dendrites and one axon.
Multipolar
99
Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are?
Multipolar
100
Neuron that has one dendrite and one axon.
Bipolar
101
Neurons rare in adults and found only in special senses.
Bipolar
102
Have 1 process extending from cell body. This process branches into a central branch (function as axon) & a peripheral branch (function as dendrite).
Unipolar
103
The branch that functions as _ enters the brain and spinal cord, the branch that function as _ connect to peripheral part of the body.
Axon, dendrite
104
Neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors to CNS.
Sensory/afferent neuron
105
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are always found in?
Ganglion outside the CNS
106
Keeps us informed about what is happening both inside and outside of the body.
Sensory neuron
107
What type is sensory neurons according to its structural composition?
Unipolar
108
Simple types of sensory receptors seen in the skin.
Cutaneous sense organs/pain receptors
109
Simple types of sensory receptors seen in muscles and tendons.
Proprioceptors
110
What type is association neurons according to its structure?
Multipolar
111
Where are association neurons found in the body?
Brain and spinal cord
112
What do association neurons transmit?
Sensory impulse
113
Connects motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways.
Association neurons
114
What is done to the sensory impulse conducted to the brain/spinal cord by the association neurons?
Interpretation and processing
115
Nerves carrying impulses from CNS to viscera, muscles or glands.
Motor neurons
116
What type is motor neurons according to its structure?
Multipolar
117
Brings about reaction to the original stimulus.
Motor neurons
118
Myelinated axons
White matter
119
The matter that forms nerve tract in CNS.
White matter
120
Most nerves are _ matter.
White
121
Unmyelinated axons
Gray matter
122
Gray matter at the surface of the brain is called?
Cortex
123
Masses of gray matter
Ganglia
124
Areas of gray matter in the spinal cord is called?
Horn
125
Collection of cell bodies in CNS.
Nuclei
126
Collection of cell bodies in PNS.
Ganglion
127
Collection of axons/nerve fibers in CNS and PNS.
CNS: Nerve tracts; PNS: Nerves
128
Conduct impulse up the cord and concerned with sensation.
Ascending tract
129
Conduct impulse down the cord and concerned with motor function.
Descending tract
130
Descending tract is concerned with?
Motor function
131
Ascending tract is concerned with?
Sensation
132
What does being polarized mean in the physiology of nerve impulse?
The outer face of the membrane is slightly positive due to the chief extracellular ion sodium, whereas its chief intracellular ion is potassium.
133
What initiates depolarization?
Stimulus
134
How does the stimulus affect the nerve impulse?
Changes the permeability of the membrane, allowing sodium ions to diffuse rapidly inside the cell.
135
What does depolarization signify?
Due to the rapid diffusion of sodium ions into the membrane, the inside becomes more positive while the outside become more negative.
136
How is action potential initiated?
When depolarization causes membrane polarity to be completely reversed.
137
When an impulse reaches the axon terminal, what does it trigger to release?
Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine
138
Where is the neurotransmitters released into?
Synaptic cleft
139
What are the other neurotransmitters found in the body?
Epinephrine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins
140
A rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimuli.
Reflex
141
Allows us to respond more quickly than if we had to consciously think about what to do.
Reflex
142
Two types of reflexes
Somatic and autonomic
143
Include all reflexes that stimulate the skeletal system.
Somatic
144
Type of reflex involved when pulling the hand away from a hot object.
Somatic
145
Type of reflex that regulates the activity of smooth muscles, the heart and glands.
Autonomic
146
Type of reflex involved in the secretion of saliva (salivary reflex),changes in size of pupil (pupillary reflex).
Autonomic
147
The pathway that results in a reflex.
Reflex arc
148
Basic unit of the nervous system.
Reflex arc
149
Smallest and simplest pathway able to receive a stimulus, enter the CNS for interpretation, and produce a response.
Reflex arc
150
5 components of the reflex arc
Sensory receptor in the skin, sensory or afferent neuron, association or internuncial neuron within the spinal cord, motor or efferent organ, and effector organ.
