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anatomy and physiology (lecture) > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Cranial meninges

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2
Q

What is included in the brainstem?

A

Medulla, pons, midbrain

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3
Q

_ allows shock absorption and circulation of nutrients.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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4
Q

_ allows coordination of muscular movements and balance.

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

_ allows muscular movements, emotions, and intelligence.

A

Cerebrum

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6
Q

_ controls temperature and pain recognition, homeostasis, thirst center, and sleep patterns.

A

Diencephalon

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7
Q

_ allow consciousness, heartbeat, breathing, visual and auditory responses.

A

Brainstem

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8
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

3 lbs

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9
Q

Largest and most complex mass of nervous tissue in the body.

A

Brain

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10
Q

Organizing and processing center of the nervous system.

A

Brain

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11
Q

What are the four main part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum/cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

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12
Q

Part of the brain responsible for intellectual process and emotions.

A

Cerebrum

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13
Q

Part of the brain responsible for homeostasis.

A

Diencephalon

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14
Q

Part of the brain responsible for breathing, heartrate, reaction to visual and auditory stimulation.

A

Brainstem

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15
Q

Part of the brain responsible for body posture and balance.

A

Cerebellum

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16
Q

Most superior of the brain.

A

Cerebrum

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17
Q

Makes up the bulk of the brain which is described to be larger than the 3 brain regions combined.

A

Cerebrum

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18
Q

Have nerve centers for sensory & motor activities.

A

Cerebrum

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19
Q

What composes the surface area of the cerebrum?

A

Gray matter referred to as cerebral cortex

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20
Q

Controls speech, memory, logical & emotional responses as well as consciousness, interpretation of sensation & voluntary movement.

A

Cerebral cortex

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21
Q

3 basic regions of cerebrum

A

Cortex, internal white matter, and basal nuclei

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22
Q

Largest portion of the brain.

A

Cerebrum

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23
Q

2 divisions of the cerebrum

A

Right hemisphere and left hemisphere

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24
Q

The right and left hemisphere is separated by a?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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25
Q

4 lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

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26
Q

Part of the cerebrum that controls the right side of the body.

A

Left hemisphere

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27
Q

Hemisphere responsible for math, analytic, and speech.

A

Left

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28
Q

Hemisphere that controls the left side of the body.

A

Right

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29
Q

Hemisphere responsible for music, art, and abstract ideas

A

Right

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30
Q

Connection between 2 hemispheres.

A

Corpus callosum

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31
Q

Elevated ridges/convolutions on the surface of each hemisphere.

A

Gyrus/gyri

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32
Q

Grooves that separate each gyri.

A

Sulcus/sulci

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33
Q

Deep grooves

A

Fissure

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34
Q

Deep bridge of nerve fibers that connects the 2 cerebral hemisphere.

A

Corpus callosum

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35
Q

Alternate name for the central sulcus.

A

Sulcus of Rolando

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36
Q

Forms the boundary between the frontal and the parietal lobes on the lateral and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.

A

Central sulcus

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37
Q

A deep fissure that is first identified on the inferior surface of the brain close to the anterior perforated substance but becomes most visible on the lateral surface.

A

Lateral sulcus

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38
Q

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.

A

Lateral sulcus

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39
Q

Primary motor area

A

Frontal lobe

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40
Q

Forms anterior portion of each hemisphere.

A

Frontal lobe

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41
Q

Controls voluntary muscular functions (allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles).

A

Frontal lobe

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42
Q

Controls mood, aggression, reasoning, thought & motivation

A

Frontal lobe

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43
Q

Major voluntary motor tract

A

Corticospinal/pyramidal tract

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44
Q

Most of the neurons in the primary motor area control body areas having fast motor control, including?

A

Face, mouth, and hands

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45
Q

Aside from neurons that control body areas having fast motor control, what other cells are present in the frontal lobe?

A

Large pyramidal-shaped cells

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46
Q

Impulses cross over from one side of the brain to the other at the _ to stimulate the opposite side of the body.

A

Corticospinal tract

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47
Q

Primary somatic sensory area

A

Parietal lobe

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48
Q

Located behind the frontal lobe, separated by central sulcus.

A

Parietal lobe

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49
Q

Control center for evaluating sensory information of touch, pain, balance, taste and temperature (coldness).

A

Parietal lobe

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50
Q

Impulse travelling from body’s sensory receptors (except for special senses) are localized & interpreted in this area.

A

Parietal lobe

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51
Q

Body regions with most sensory receptors.

A

Lips and fingertips

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52
Q

Lobe that is considered as the auditory area.

A

Temporal lobe

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53
Q

Located beneath the frontal & parietal lobes separated by lateral fissure.

A

Temporal lobe

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54
Q

Evaluates hearing input & smell as well as being involved with memory processes.

A

Temporal lobe

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55
Q

In what aspects is the temporal lobe involved?

A

Hearing, smell, and memory processes

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56
Q

Parietal lobe is the control center for evaluating sensory information of? (5)

A

Touch, pain, balance, taste and temperature (coldness)

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57
Q

The frontal lobe also controls? (5)

A

Mood, aggression, reasoning, thought, and motivation

58
Q

Important center for abstract thoughts and judgement.

A

Temporal lobe

59
Q

_ is found deep inside the temporal lobe.

A

Olfactory area

60
Q

Lobe considered as the visual area.

A

Occipital lobe

61
Q

Forms back portion of each hemisphere.

A

Occipital lobe

62
Q

What is the 5th lobe, deeply embedded in the lateral sulcus?

A

Insula

63
Q

Where is the insula embedded?

A

Lateral sulcus

64
Q

Covered by portions of the frontal, parietal & temporal lobes.

A

Insula

65
Q

Located in the left cerebral hemisphere (frontal lobe).

A

Broca’s area

66
Q

Motor speech area

A

Broca’s area

67
Q

Specialized cortical area involved in our ability to speak.

A

Broca’s area

68
Q

Where is the broca’s area located?

A

Left cerebral hemisphere (frontal lobe)

69
Q

Found at the base of pre-central gyrus.

A

Broca’s area

70
Q

Damage to the broca’s area causes?

A

Expressive aphasia (inability to communicate)

71
Q

Critical language area

A

Wernicke’s area

72
Q

Where is the wernicke’s area located?

A

Left cerebral hemisphere (temporal lobe)

73
Q

Involved with language comprehension.

A

Wernicke’s area

74
Q

Damage to the wernicke’s area causes?

A

Receptive, sensory, and fluent aphasia

75
Q

Patient is still able to speak but lacks meaning; damaged patient is unable to vocalize words.

A

Wernicke’s area; broca’s area

76
Q

Composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to, from or within the cortex.

A

Cerebral white matter

77
Q

A very large fiber tract that connects the cerebral hemisphere (commisures), allows cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another.

A

Corpus callosum

78
Q

Islands of gray matter buried deep within white matter of cerebral hemisphere.

A

Basal nuclei

79
Q

Helps regulate voluntary motor activities.

A

Basal nuclei

80
Q

Problems related to basal nuclei.

A

Huntington’s disease/ huntington’s chorea & parkinson’s disease

81
Q

Inability to walk normally or carry other voluntary movements.

A

Huntington’s disease

82
Q

A language disorder that makes it hard for you to read, write, and say what you mean to say.

A

Aphasia

83
Q

Located between the brainstem and cerebrum.

A

Diencephalon

84
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

Between the brainstem and cerebrum

85
Q

Surrounds the 3rd ventricle & is organized into masses of gray matter called nuclei.

A

Diencephalon

86
Q

What does the diencephalon surrounds?

A

Third ventricle

87
Q

3 main structures of diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

88
Q

The diencephalon also contains? (5)

A

Optic tract, optic chiasm, infundibulum, mamillary bodies, and pineal gland/body

89
Q

Attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

A

Infundibulum

90
Q

Involved in memory and emotional responses to odor.

A

Mamillary bodies

91
Q

Part of the epithalamus, pine-cone shaped endocrine gland that secretes melatonin affecting our moods and behavior.

A

Pineal gland

92
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

93
Q

Largest and superior portion of diencephalon.

A

Thalamus

94
Q

Encloses shallow third ventricle of the brain.

A

Thalamus

95
Q

Relay station for sensory impulses.

A

Thalamus

96
Q

Interpretation center for conscious recognition of what is pleasant & unpleasant.

A

Thalamus

97
Q

Neuron of sensory cortex that localizes and interpret sensation.

A

Pain, pressure, and touch

98
Q

Touch receptor

A

Meissner

99
Q

Pressure receptor

A

Pacinian

100
Q

The inferior part (under the thalamus) of the diencephalon.

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

Sends impulses to and receive them from the cerebrum & thalamus.

A

Hypothalamus

102
Q

Intermediary between NS & ES as it send out signals that control the pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

103
Q

_ of hypothalamus produce _.

A

Nerve cells, hormones

104
Q

Plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, water balance,& metabolism

A

Hypothalamus

105
Q

Controls and integrates ANS.

A

Hypothalamus

106
Q

Center of mind-over matter phenomena.

A

Hypothalamus

107
Q

Center for many drives & emotions as it is an important part of the LIMBIC system or Emotional-Visceral Brain.

A

Hypothalamus

108
Q

The hypothalamus is an important part of the?

A

Limbic system/emotional-visceral brain

109
Q

Hangs from the anterior floor of the hypothalamus.

A

Pituitary gland

110
Q

Bulge from the floor of hypothalamus posterior to pituitary gland.

A

Mamillary bodies

111
Q

Controls homeostasis, body temperature, water balance, hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotions, regulates our food intake (metabolism).

A

Hypothalamus

112
Q

Forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle.

A

Epithalamus

113
Q

2 important parts of the epithalamus

A

Pineal body and choroid plexus

114
Q

Knots of capillaries within each ventricle, forms the CSF.

A

Choroid plexus

115
Q

How long is the brainstem?

A

3 inches (7.5cm) long

116
Q

Connects the brain to the spinal cord.

A

Brainstem

117
Q

Very delicate area of the brain, damage to even small areas could result in death.

A

Brainstem

118
Q

Associated with cranial nerves and control vital activities such as breathing & BP.

A

Brainstem

119
Q

Provides a pathway for ascending and descending tracts.

A

Brainstem

120
Q

The brainstem has many?

A

Small gray matter areas

121
Q

What does the nuclei in the brainstem produce?

A

Rigidly programmed autonomic behaviors necessary for survival

122
Q

Smallest part of the brainstem.

A

Midbrain

123
Q

Other name for midbrain.

A

Mesencephalon

124
Q

Extends from the mamillary body to the pons inferiorly.

A

Midbrain

125
Q

Contains dorsal tectum.

A

Midbrain

126
Q

A reflex center that controls movement of eyeballs & head in response to visual stimuli.

A

Dorsal tectum

127
Q

Also controls movement of the head & trunk in response to auditory stimulus.

A

Midbrain

128
Q

3 structures of the midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct, penducles, and corpora quadrigemina

129
Q

Tiny canal that travels through the midbrain and connects the 3rd ventricle of diencephalon to the 4th ventricle.

A

Cerebral aqueduct

130
Q

Bulging fiber tracts which convey ascending & descending impulses from the cerebral cortex to pons & the spinal cord.

A

Cerebral penducles

131
Q

Four rounded protrusions, reflex centers involved with vision & hearing.

A

Corpora quadrigemina

132
Q

Means bridge

A

Pons

133
Q

Rounded structure that protrudes just below the midbrain.

A

Pons

134
Q

Mostly fiber tracts that relay impulses from the medulla oblongata to cerebrum & back to medulla

A

Pons

135
Q

What areas does pons have? (2)

A

Pneumotaxic and apneustic

136
Q

What does the pneumotaxic and apneustic area help control?

A

Breathing

137
Q

Most inferior part of the brain stem continuous to the spinal cord.

A

Medulla oblongata

138
Q

Contains all ascending & descending tracts that connect the spinal cord & parts of the brain.

A

Medulla oblongata

139
Q

Crossing of tracts

A

Decussation of pyramids

140
Q

Contains many nuclei that regulate vital visceral activities.

A

Medulla oblongata

141
Q

Explains why motor areas of one side of the cortex of the cerebrum control skeletal muscle movements in opposite side of the body.

A

Decussation of pyramids

142
Q

Lies posterior to the pons and medulla & anterior to the cerebellum.

A

4th ventricle

anatomy and physiology (lecture) (2 decks)

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