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ANAPHY > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors
monitor changes, called
stimuli, occurring inside
and outside the body

A

Sensory input or
gathering information

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2
Q

The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides whether action is needed

A

Integeration

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3
Q

A response, or effect, activates muscles or glands

A

motor output

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4
Q

Abundant, star-shaped cells. Determine permeability and exchanges between blood
capillaries and neurons. Protect neurons from harmful substances in blood. Control the chemical environment of the brain

A

astrocytes

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5
Q

Spiderlike phagocytes. Monitor the health of nearby neurons. Dispose of debris

A

microglia

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6
Q

Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, Cilia assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

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7
Q

Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous
system. Produce myelin sheaths

A

oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

Form myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

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10
Q

Cells specialized to transmit messages (nerve
impulses)

A

Neurons

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11
Q

nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

A

cell body

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12
Q

fibers that extend from the cell body

A

processes

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13
Q

conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

conduct impulses away from the cell body

A

axons

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15
Q

gap between axon terminals and the next
neuron

A

synaptic cleft

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16
Q

functional junction between nerves where a
nerve impulse is transmitted

A

synapse

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17
Q

White, fatty material covering axons that Protect and insulates fibers. Speeds nerve
impulse transmission.

A

Myelin

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18
Q

part of the Schwann cell
external to the myelin sheath

A

Neurilemma

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19
Q

gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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20
Q

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nuclei

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21
Q

collections of cell bodies outside the
CNS in the PNS

A

ganglia

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22
Q

bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS

A

tracts

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23
Q

bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS

A

Nerves

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24
Q

collections of myelinated fibers

A

white matter

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25
Q

mostly unmyelinated fibers and
cell bodies

A

gray matter

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26
Q

Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neuron

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27
Q

Carry impulses from the central nervous system
to viscera and/or muscles and glands

A

Motor (efferent) neuron

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28
Q

Cell bodies located in the CNS
Connect sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

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29
Q

pain and temperature receptor

A

Free nerve endings

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30
Q

touch receptor

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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31
Q

deep pressure receptor

A

Lamellar corpuscle

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32
Q

proprioceptor

A

Golgi tendon organ

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33
Q

stretch receptors that signal the length and changes in length of muscles

A

muscle spindels

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34
Q

many extensions from the cell body
 All motor and interneurons are multipolar
 Most common structural type

A

Multipolar neurons

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35
Q

one axon and one dendrite
 Located in special sense organs, such as nose and eye
 Rare in adults

A

Bipolar neurons

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36
Q

have a short single process leaving the cell body
 Sensory neurons found in PNS ganglia
 Conduct impulses both toward and away from the cell body

A

Unipolar neurons

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37
Q

Ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse

A

Irritability

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38
Q

Ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons,
muscles, or glands.

A

Conductivity

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39
Q

Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles
 Involuntary, although skeletal muscle is normally under
voluntary control

A

somatic reflexes

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40
Q

areflexes that Regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and glands

A

Autonomic reflexes

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41
Q

Brain; Spinal cord
 Integration; command center
 Interprets incoming sensory information
 Issues outgoing instructions

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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42
Q

Nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord
Serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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43
Q

carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

A

Spinal Nerves

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44
Q

anerves that carry impulses to and from the brain

A

cranial nerves

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45
Q

kind of mater that is the Outermost leathery layer, Double-layered external covering: Periosteum—attached to inner surface of the skull. Meningeal layer—outer covering of the brai

A

Dura mater

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46
Q

Middle layer
 Subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
 Arachnoid granulations protrude through the dura mater and
absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood

A

Arachnoid layer

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47
Q

Internal layer
 Clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia mater

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48
Q

Formed continually by the choroid plexuses forms a watery cushion to protect the brain and
spinal cord. Circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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49
Q

a traumatic brain injury, Slight brain injury
 Typically little permanent brain damage occurs

A

Concussion

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50
Q

 Marked nervous tissue destruction occurs
 Coma may occur

A

Contusion

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51
Q

Results when blood circulation to a brain area is
blocked and brain tissue dies

A

Cerebrovascular accident CVA

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52
Q

one-sided paralysis

A

Hemiplegia

53
Q

damage to speech center in left hemisphere

A

Aphasia

54
Q

Temporary brain ischemia (restriction of blood flow), Numbness, temporary paralysis, impaired speech

A

Transient ischemic attack TIA

55
Q

Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra
 Cauda equina is a collection of spinal nerves at
the inferior end
 Provides a two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain

A

Spinal Cord

56
Q

carries senses for the sensory of smell

A

Olfactory

57
Q

carries impulses for vision

A

optic

58
Q

It allows movement of the eye muscles, constriction of the pupil, focusing the eyes and the position of the upper eyelid

A

oculomotor

59
Q

one of the ocular motor nerves that controls eye movement.

A

Trochlear

60
Q

conduct sensory impulses from the skin of the face and mucosa of the nose and mouth: also contains motor fibers that activate the chewing muscles

A

Trigeminal

61
Q

supplies motor fiber to lateral rectus muscles, which roll the eye laterally

A

abducens

62
Q

activates the muscle of facial expression and the lacrimal and salivary glands: carries sensory impulses from the taste buds of the anterior tongue

A

facial

63
Q

transmits impulses for the sense of balance ,

A

vestibulocochlear

64
Q

supplies motor fiber to pharynx that promote swallowing and asliva production; carries sensory impulses from the taste buds of the posterior tongue

A

glossopharyngeal

65
Q

are the main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system. This system controls specific body functions such as your digestion, heart rate and immune system.

A

vagus

66
Q

motor fibers that active the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius mucles

A

accessory

67
Q

motor fibers control tongue movement: sensory fibers carry impulses from the tongue

A

hypoglossal

68
Q

branch of a spinal nerve; contains both motor
and sensory fiber

A

ramus

69
Q

—serve the skin and muscles of the
posterior trunk

A

Dorsal ram

70
Q

form the intercostal nerves that
supply muscles and skin of the ribs and trunk

A

Ventral rami (T1–T12) —

71
Q

form a complex of
networks (plexus) for the anterior

A

Ventral rami (except T1–T12)

72
Q

networks of nerves serving motor and
sensory needs of the limbs: Form from ventral rami of spinal nerves in the
cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions

A

Plexus

73
Q

 Four plexuses

A

1.Cervical
2. Brachial
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral

74
Q

fibers release acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic (cholinergic)

75
Q

fibers release
norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic postganglionic (adrenergic)

76
Q

―fight or flight division
 Response to an unusual stimulus when emotionally or
physically stressed or threatened
 Takes over to increase activities
Remember as the E division
 Exercise
 Excitement
 Emergency
 Embarrassment

A

Sympathetic

77
Q

―housekeeping‖ activities
 Rest-and-digest‖ system
 Conserves energy
 Maintains daily necessary body functions
 Remember as the D division
 Digestion
 Defecation
 Diuresis

A

Parasympathetic

78
Q

carry messages from the CNS to the effector

A

Efferent Neurons or Motor Neurons

79
Q

carry impulses from the sensory neurons to motor neurons

A

Associative Neurons or Interneurons

80
Q

receive stimuli from receptor sites in the sensory organs

A

Afferent Neuron or Sensory Neuron

81
Q

between dura mater and arachnoid mater

A

subdural space

82
Q

between the arachnoid and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

subarachnoid space

83
Q

acts as a liquid shock absorber and source of nutrients for the brain, it protects the delicate brain and spinal cord. can be used for detecting selected brain diseases.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

84
Q

largest part of the brain, divided into two section, is composed og gray matter formed into raised convolutions/ridges called gyri

A

cerebrum

85
Q

it is composed of gray matter formed in raised convolutions or elevated ridges “winding” around the brain

A

gyri

86
Q

small grooves dividing the gyri

A

sulci

87
Q

divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

88
Q

deep grooves generally diividing large regions/lobes of the brain

A

fissures

89
Q

divided the two cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissures

90
Q

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

transcverse fissure

91
Q

divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

sylvian/lateral fissure

92
Q

language and logical operations, number skills, written language, reasoning, spoken language, scientific skills, and right hand control

A

left hemisphere

93
Q

emotions, artistics and spatial skills. insights, forms, art awareness, imaginations, music awareness, and left-hand control

A

right hemisphere

94
Q

control the voluntary motor activity

A

frontal lobe

95
Q

ability to speak clearly

A

expressive (motor) speech

96
Q

concentration, motivation, ability to formulate or select goals, ability to plan, initiate, maintain and terminate actions, self-monitor, use feedback, reasoning , problem solving, emotional stability and development personality

A

prefrontal lobe

97
Q

sensory perception, concept formation and abstraction

A

parietal lobe

98
Q

spatial orientation and awareness of size and shapes (stereognosis) and body position( proprioception)

A

right parietal lobe

99
Q

right left orientation mathematics

A

left parietal lobe

100
Q

auditory receptive area

A

temporal lobe

101
Q

ability to store spoken language memories

A

left temporal lobe

102
Q

sound memories that are not language like music, various animal sounds, other noises

A

right temporal lobe

103
Q

visual receptive interpretation area

A

occipital lobe

104
Q

storage of visual memories, contributes to the ability of visually recognize & undertsand the environment.

A

visual association areas

105
Q

located at the center of the brain beneath the other four lobes, center for feelings and control of emotion

A

limbic system/ limbic lobe

106
Q

explains why the sense of smell is associated with emotions

A

olfactory bulb

107
Q

iinfluences behavior appropriate to meet the body’s needs and is associated wuth emotional reactions especially fear, anxiety and aggression

A

amygdala

108
Q

involves in memory and learning, recognizes new information and recalls spatial relationships.

A

hippocampus

109
Q

helps monitor strong emotions like range and fright

A

parahippocampus

110
Q

pathway of nerve fibers from hippocampus to mammillary body

A

fornix

111
Q

nucleus that transmits messages between the fornix and thalamus

A

Mammilary body

112
Q

area that compromises the limbic cortex, and modifies behavior and emotions

A

cingulate gyrus

113
Q

connect the fornix to the corpus callosum

A

septum pellucidum

114
Q

located between the cerebrum and midbrain, sits on the top of the brain stemm composed of thalamus and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

115
Q

acts as a relay stations for incoming and outgoing nerve imulses, receives and direct nerve impulses from the various sense organs of the body

A

thalamuslies

116
Q

lies below the thalamus, a bunde of nerve fibers connects it to the pituitary gland, thalamus and the midbrain

A

hypothalamus

117
Q

composed of gray matter and white matter, controls balance and posture, controls voluntary motor activities, mucle movement and position of the body parts, second largest part of the brain

A

cerebellum

118
Q

attaches to the spinal cord composed of mid brain, pons medulla oblongata

A

brain stem

119
Q

promote rhythm of breathing

A

pons

120
Q

prolong inhilations

A

apneustic center

121
Q

contributes to exhalation

A

pneumotaxic center

122
Q

a blulb shaped structure found between the pons and spinal cord containing various nuclei for vital functions

A

medulla obglongata

123
Q

regulates heart rtae

A

cardiac centers

124
Q

refulates bp

A

vasomotory centersr

125
Q

regulates breathing

A

respiratory senses

126
Q

for coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting

A

reflex center

127
Q

integrates visual and auditory reflexes

A

midbrain

128
Q

assist in regulation of skeletal motor movements and sinal reflexes

A

reticular formation

129
Q

controls the sleep-wake cycle and consciosness

A

reticular activating system

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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