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Anatomy Final > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is included Peripheral Nervous System

A

Everything else

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3
Q

Afferent Division

A

Part of the (PNS) Transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the (CNS)

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4
Q

Efferent (motor)

A

Transmits impulses from CNS to the peripheral organs to cause effect or action

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5
Q

Somatic (Part of Efferent)

A

supplies skeletal muscles and is mostly voluntary

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6
Q

Automatic System

A
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7
Q

What are the two parts of the automatic nervous system

A

The Sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, both are involuntary

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8
Q

What does the sympathetic division do

A

Controls fight or flight. Main hormones are epinephrine and nor epinephrine.

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9
Q

What parts of the body hold sympathetic nerves

A

Thoracacolubular regions

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10
Q

what does the Parasympathetic Division do

A

Relaxes the body, acetocholine is released.

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11
Q

Where are parasympathetic divisions

A

The craniosacral regions

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12
Q

What is the enetric nervous system

A

Controls digestion via nerves embedded into the digestion track

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13
Q

Where is 90% of the bodies serotonin stories

A

The digestive track

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

Branchlike extensions off of neurons, receive incoming signals from neurons or sensory cells.

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15
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the genetic information and control all activities of neurons

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16
Q

Axon

A

The part of the neuron that conducts action potentials

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17
Q

Synaptic end bulb

A

The end part of the axon, releases neurotransmitters onto a target cell

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18
Q

Synapse

A

Narrow junction which allows chemical signals to go from one neuron to another, creating new action potentials

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19
Q

myelin

A

wraps around axons, mylinated neurons all for an increased speed of action potentials. Wide diameters conduct axons more rapidly

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20
Q

What do Glial cells do

A

They act as support cells for the nervous system

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21
Q

Astrocytes

A

Control the chemical environment around neurons, form blood brain barrier.

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22
Q

Oligodendocytes

A

Make myelin on the axons in the CNS.

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23
Q

Microgila

A

Phagocyte cells in the CNS, digest waste and infections

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24
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles of brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, made spinal fluid

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25
Q

PNS glial cells

A

Include satelitle cells and Shwann cells

26
Q

Satellite cells

A

Provide nutrients to neurons in the PNS

27
Q

Schwann cells

A

Make Myelin on the axons of the PNS neurons

28
Q

What parts are included in Glial cells

A

Astrocytes, oligodrocytes, microgila, and ependymal cells

29
Q

What is going on in a cell when it is at its resting membrane potential state

A

The cell does not conduct any action potentials therefore the sodium is greater outside the cell, and potassium is greater inside the cell, negatively charged proteins are also greater inside the cell, making the charge indie the cell -70 mV

30
Q

What is a graded potential

A

a stimulus that allows sodium to move into the cell.

31
Q

Threshold potential

A

If the cell reaches the threshold potential more sodium can move into the cell

32
Q

What is depolarization

A

Occurs when NA+ diffuses rapidly into a cell which makes the inside of the cell less negative about 55 MV+ (Peaks at +30 MV)

33
Q

Repolorization

A

Occurs when K+ moves out of the cell and the membrane potential become negative,

34
Q

When does hyperpolerization occur

A

When the membrane potential drops to -90mV

35
Q

Hyper-polarization

A

prevents another action potential from being generated until the neuron reaches its resting membrane potential again

36
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Uses energy to move 3 NA out of the cell and to K into the cell at the same time.

37
Q

Local anesthetics

A

block sodium channels, preventing depolarization in pain conducting nerves

38
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

An autoimmune disease which destroys mylien sheets of nerve fibers interrupting

39
Q

Where can depolarization occur

A

Occurs at the nodes of ranvier, the segments of axons that are not covered with myelin.

40
Q

How do mylinated axons carry out action potentials

A

Salutatory conduction (used to describe depolarization at the nodes of ranvier

41
Q

How do unmylinated Axons carry action potential

A

Continuous conduction

42
Q

Continuous conduction

A

The slower movement of action potentials due to depolarization that occurs along the entire length of its axon terminal

43
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

fires the neurotransmitter when an action potential enters its axon terminal

44
Q

Synapse

A

A point of contact between neurons

45
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

the space between pre and postsynaptic neurons

46
Q

Post synaptic neuron

A

receives the neurotransmitter after it has crossed the synapses

47
Q

What are Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers secreted by neurons, can either excitatory or inhibitory

48
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Cause depolarization

49
Q

what are the common excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Acetocholine, norepinephrine, glutamate, substance P., Nitric Oxide

50
Q

Acetylcholine

A

CNS: Involved in memory, motivation, arousal and attention
PNS: required for skeletal muscle contraction; the main parasympathetic neurotransmitter.

51
Q

Glutmate

A

CNS: The primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain
PNS: Makes rapid signaling necessary for learning memory possible

51
Q

Norepinephrine

A

CNS: Regulates arousal, attention, cognitive function and stress reactions
PNS: The primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

52
Q

Substance P

A

CNS: Regulates pain perception in the brain
PNS: Induces inflammation in the intestines

53
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

CNS: Facilitates communication between neurons in the brain
PNS: Causes validations of the blood vessels in the penis and clitoris

54
Q

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do

A

they prevent depolarization cause hyperpolerization

55
Q

Common inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin, GABA, Glycine, Adenosine, endorphins, and endocannabinoids

56
Q

Serotonin

A

CNS: Regulates mood
PNS: Regulates intestinal functions

57
Q

GABA

A

CNS: primary inhibitor neurotransmitter induces sleep and relaxation control anxiety stress and fear.

58
Q

Glycine

A

CNS: Involved in the processing of motor and sensory information

59
Q

Adenosine

A

CNS: Protects the brain by preventing glumate releases during a stroke

60
Q

Endorphins

A

CNS: Produces feeling of euphoria
PNS: Reduce pain by blocking the releases of substance P

61
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

CNS: Involved in learning and memory; controls appetite and nausea control.

Anatomy Final (5 decks)

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