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Med Surg Exam 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of the Nervous System

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

Motor neurons

A

Dendrites and axons

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3
Q

Travel along neurons by means of synapses

A

Impulses

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4
Q

Excite or inhibit neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Fatty substance covering axons

A

Myelin

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6
Q

From the CNS

A

Motor neuron

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7
Q

Peripheral to CNS

A

Sensory neuron

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8
Q

-Cerebral—cortex; responsible for movement; motor and sensory neurons
-Pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor pathways
-Cerebellum—controls and coordinates muscle movements
-Brain stem—respirations, heartbeat, vasomotor activity
-Midbrain: connects pons and cerebellum
-Pons: transmits motor impulses from the brain to the spinal cord and sensory impulses from peripheral sensory neurons to the brain
-Medulla oblongata: transmits motor impulses from the brain to the spinal cord and sensory impulses from peripheral sensory neurons to the brain
-CNS Anatomy:
-Cerebrum consists of two hemispheres; each hemisphere has four lobes:
-Frontal
-Parietal
-Temporal
-Occipital
-Corpus callosum
-Skull: rigid bones
-Meninges
-3 Membranes
-Dura mater
-Arachnoid
-Pia mater
-Subarachnoid space
-Ventricles
-Manufacture and absorb cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
-Functions of CSF
-Protects structures
-Maintains constant intracranial pressure

A

Brain parts

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9
Q

-Meninges
-Vertebrae (vertebral column)
-Functions
-Provides centers for reflex action
-Pathway for impulses to and from the brain

A

Spinal cord

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10
Q

-Structures: cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
-Cranial nerves—12 pairs
-Types: I to XII

A

PNS

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11
Q

31 pairs, each have dorsal/ventral root

A

Spinal nerves

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12
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Dorsal

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13
Q

Motor nerves

A

Ventral

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14
Q

spinal nerve root innervates a specific area useful for identifying areas affected by certain viral infections such as shingles, anesthetizing, localized areas of the body, and assessing and evaluating spinal injuries.

A

Dermatomes

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15
Q

I: Olfactory nerve: Sense of smell
II: Optic nerve: Sight
III: Oculomotor nerve: Contraction of iris and eye muscles
IV: Trochlear nerve: Eye movement
V: Trigeminal nerve: Sensory nerve to face, chewing
VI: Abducens nerve: Eye movement
VII: Facial nerve: Facial expression, taste, secretions of salivary and lacrimal glands
VIII: Vestibulocochlear (or auditory) nerve: Hearing and balance
IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve: Taste, sensory fibers of pharynx and tongue, swallowing, and secretions of parotid gland
X: Vagus nerve: Motor fibers to glands producing digestive enzymes, heart rate, muscles of speech, gastrointestinal motility, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting reflex
XI: Accessory (or spinal accessory) nerve: Head and shoulder movement
XII: Hypoglossal nerve: Movement of the tongue

A

Cranial Nerves

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16
Q

Stimulation or inhibiting smooth muscle

A

Automatic nervous system

17
Q

a type of automatic nervous system that is released during stressful situations, emotions, and severe illness

A

Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

18
Q

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

A

Catecholamines

19
Q

Slowing heart rate, digestion food, eliminating body waste

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

20
Q

Allows passage of nerve impulses to effector structure

A

Acetylcholine

21
Q

Inhibits acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

22
Q

Assessment of the Nervous system

A

-History—trauma, drug history, family medical history
-Speech patterns
-Mental status
-Intellectual functioning: reasoning ability
-Extremity strength and movement
-Physical Examination
-Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE/2): 11 questions/tasks to assess cognitive function
-Evaluate body posture: see next slide
-Cranial nerves—assessment techniques (see table 36-2)
-Motor function—large muscle atrophy; equality of size and strength
-Gait—movement and balance; Romberg test (assess for swaying when standing erect with eyes closed)

23
Q

Assessment of cerebral Function

A

-Impaired Cerebral Function
-A. Decorticate posturing: arms flexed, fists clenched, legs extended
-B. Decerebrate posturing: stiff and rigid extremities
-C. Flaccidity: no motor response-no response to stimuli

24
Q

Level of Consciousness Assessment

A

-Sensory Function
-Sensitivity to heat, cold, touch, and pain
-Level of Consciousness (LOC)
-Classifications: conscious, somnolent (drowsy, sleepy, arousable), stuporous (repetitive stimuli), semicomatose (mild pain-avoid stim), comatose (painful stimuli-delayed)
-Glasgow Coma Scale
-Parts—eye opening, verbal response, motor response
-Rancho Los Amigos Scale (preferred by rehabs due to its flexibility)
-Pupil Assessment
-Size: not pinpoint
-Equality—unequal, dilated, or pinpoint
-Reaction to light of pupils—failure to respond
-See Table 36-2
-Neck—stiffness or abnormal position, rigidity (head/chin to chest)
-Vital signs—sudden increase or decrease—CNS disorders

25
Q

-Computed tomography (CT): radiopaque dyes allergy: uses x-rays and computer analysis to produce three-dimensional views of cross sections, or “slices,” of the body
-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): radiofrequency waves to produce images of tissue
-Positron emission tomography (PET)—metabolic activity of body structures
-Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
-Brain’s cerebral blood flow, status of receptors
-Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases
-Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
-Obtain CSF from subarachnoid space for lab and pressure
-Epidural-labor
-Presence of pathogenic microorganism
-If dura mater is punctured → spinal headache
-Normal: clear and colorless, pressure of 80 to 180 mm H2O
-Contrast studies
-Cerebral angiography: detects distortion of cerebral arteries and veins; aneurysms
-Myelogram: to demonstrate abnormalities of the spinal canal
-Electroencephalogram (EEG): electrical impulses generated in the brain
-Nerve conduction studies: nerve injury and compression
-Carpal tunnel syndrome, peripheral neuropathy
-Echoencephalography: ultrasound examination of the structures of the brain

A

Diagnostic Tests of the Nervous System

26
Q

Knowledge deficit related to unfamiliarity with diagnostic testing process
-Describe the procedure and preparation for the diagnostic test.
-Inform client of discomfort from procedure.
-Diagnosis: meningeal irritation or CNS changes
-Observe for neurologic abnormalities or diminished LOC.
-Report headache or sudden pain.
-Position client flat for 3 hours after lumbar puncture.

A

Nursing Diagnosis of Nervous System

27
Q
A

Med Surg Exam 2 (10 decks)

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