Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: nerves and sense organs

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3
Q

What are 3 functions of the CNS

A

To process and coordinate:

Sensory data (input):
from inside and outside the body

Motor commands (output):
to control activities of peripheral organs (e.g., skeletal muscles)

Higher functions of the brain:
intelligence, memory, learning, emotion

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4
Q

What are 3 functions of the PNS

A

Connect the nervous system with other systems

Deliver sensory information to the CNS (from the sensory organs)

Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and effectors (muscles, glands etc)

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5
Q

What 2 types of cells make up neural tissue

A

Neurones and Neuroglia (glial cells)

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6
Q

What two types of matter make up neural tissue

A

Grey matter: mainly cell bodies and unmyelinated neurones

White matter: mainly axons of myelinated neurones

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7
Q

Describe the structure of a neurone

A

Cell body containing a nucleus and perikaryon

Dendrites coming off cell body

Schwann cells form myelin sheath around the axon

Gaps between internode are nodes of ranvier

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8
Q

Describe the structure of a synapse

A

Axon
synaptic vesicles
Synapse - gap
Neurotransmitter
Receptor
Dendrites

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9
Q

What is an anaxonic neuron

A

Anaxonic neurons have more than two processes- all dendrites.
brain and special sense organs

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10
Q

What are bipolar neurones

A

Bipolar neurons have two processes separated by the
cell body.
rare – special sense organs

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11
Q

What are unipolar neurones

A

Unipolar neurons have a single elongated process, with the cell body located off to the side.
common sensory type

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12
Q

What are multipolar neurones

A

Multipolar neurons have more than two processes; there is a single axon and multiple dendrites.
somatic motor and autonomic nerves

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13
Q

What is the direction of impulse for sensory neurones

A

from receptors to CNS
from lower to higher CNS levels

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14
Q

What is the direction of impulse for association (inter) neurones

A

from sensory to motor neurones

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15
Q

What is the direction of impulse for motor neurones

A

from CNS to muscles
from higher to lower CNS levels

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16
Q

Efferent autonomic nerve pathways

A

have a 2-neurone arrangement comprising a pre- and a post-ganglionic nerve

17
Q

Efferent somatic pathways

A

have a single neurone from CNS to effector

18
Q

Types of neuroglia in the CNS

A

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

19
Q

Types of neurolgia in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells
Satellite Cells

20
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a nerve cell

A

-70mV

21
Q

Why is there are resting membrane potential

A

Due to the uneven distribution of charged particles on either side of the cell membrane and selective membrane permeability to ions

22
Q

Why does the resting membrane potential develop

A

Organic Anions
Na+/K+ pump
Uneven stoichiometry
Electrogenic
Membrane permeability
More permeable to K+ than to Na+
Ionic Gradients and Equilibrium potentials
ionic concentration in IntraCF and ExtraCF and electrical charge

23
Q

Where is resting membrane potential

A

Periphery of the cell

24
Q

What two types of force influence the movement of ions across the plasma membrane

A

Chemical gradients and electrical gradients

25
Q

What is the chemical gradient

A

Ions want to pass from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Na+ wants to pass into the cell

K+ wants to pass out the cell

26
Q

What is the electrical gradient

A

Ions want to pass to areas of opposite charge

Both Na+ and K+ want to pass into the cell

27
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient

A

the balance of forces acting upon an ionic species

Na+ both electrical and chemical gradients attract Na+ into the cell

K+ the chemical (out) and electrical (in) oppose one another

28
Q

What is the equilibrium potential of an ion

A

The voltage that is achieved when the plasma membrane is exclusively permeable to that ion

29
Q

When does equilibrium potential occur

A

When the chemical gradient force is equal and opposite to the electrical gradient force

30
Q

What is the equation at body temp for equilibrium potential

A

Ex= 61/n x log ([X]0/[X]i)

61 = constant derived from temp

n = valency of the ion X

log… = ionic concentration gradient across the membrane

31
Q
A