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Intro to Human Body > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How many planes are there and what are they?

A

3 planes
Sagittal, Coronal/Frontal, Horizontal/Transverse

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2
Q

How many directions are there and what are they?

A

4 directions
Superior/Cranial, Posterior/Dorsal, Anterior/Ventral, Inferior/Caudal

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3
Q

How many neurons are involved in sensory pathway?

A

3 neurons
Starting from dorsal root ganglion in peripherary, then through 2nd neuron in spinal cord then to the brain

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4
Q

How many neurons are involved in motor pathway?

A

2 neurons
Starting from the brain out to peripherary

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5
Q

Involuntary motor control neuron pathway

A

Technically 3, even if it is motor

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6
Q

Multipolar neuron function?

A

Motor control

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7
Q

Bipolar neuron function?

A

4 special senses

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8
Q

Pseudo-unipolar neuron function?

A

general sensation (sensory)

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9
Q

CNS includes?

A

brain & spinal cord

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10
Q

PNS includes what kinds of nerves?

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves (ganglion)

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11
Q

Name the 4 CNS Neuroglia

A

Astroglia
Oligodendrocytes (myelination)
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

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12
Q

Name the 2 PNS Neuroglia

A

S&S
Schwann Cells (myelination)
Satellite Cells

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13
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons

A

Convey impulses TOWARD the CNS from the peripherary

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Form an integrating network between the sensory and motor neurons

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15
Q

Efferent (motor) neurons

A

Convey impulses FROM the CNS towards the peripherary

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16
Q

What structures make up the Brainstem?

A

Largest part of the brain!
Pons, Midbrain, Medulla oblongata, Diencephalon

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17
Q

What is the Diencephalon? What makes it up?

A

In the brainstem and made up of:
Thalamus: relaying of sensory & motor signals to the cerebral cortex (sleep, consciousness, alertness)
Hypothalamus: body temperature, hunger, thirst

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18
Q

What is the midbrain function?

A

In the brainstem
Function: vision, hearing, motor control

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19
Q

What is the pons function?

A

In the brainstem
Function: sleep, respiration, swallowing, hearing

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20
Q

What is the medulla oblongata function?

A

In the brainstem
Function: breathing, heart rate, blood pressurek.

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21
Q

What are the brain divisions?

A

Cerebrum (2 hemispheres), Cerebellum, and Brain Stem

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22
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Neuronal cell bodies are in the gray matter

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23
Q

What is white matter?

A

The myelinated axon projections of neurons form the white matter

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24
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and Insula

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25
Q

What structures are located in the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Gyri, Sulci
Lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and Insula

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26
Q

Frontal Cerebral Cortex Function

A

personality, reward, attention, skilled motor processing, short term memory

27
Q

Temporal Cerebral Cortex Function

A

process sensory input into memories, language comprehension and emotion

28
Q

Parietal Cerebral Cortex Function

A

integrates sensory info (sensation)

29
Q

Occipital Cerebral Cortex Function

A

visual processing center

30
Q

Insula Cerebral Cortex Function

A

consciousness, emotion, homeostasis

31
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A
  • A collection of neuronal cell bodies in the central gray matter surrounded by axonal projections in the white matter
  • Extends from brainstem into the vertebral column
  • 31 spinal nerves
32
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 nerves
Are attached to the brain or brainstem
May be sensory or motor or both

33
Q

How many Spinal Nerves are there? Are they sensory only, or motor also?

A

31 Pairs
Are attached at the spinal cord
Mostly both sensory and motor

34
Q

What are ganglia?

A

A collection of neuronal cells bodies located outside of the CNS

35
Q

How many spinal nerves are in each section?

A

Cervical- 8
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5
Coccygeal- 1

36
Q

What is an anesthetic?

A

Drug that causes reversible loss of sensation
Blocks voltage-gated Na channels and APs
Sensory info fails to reach CNS

37
Q

What is an analgesic?

A

Relieves pain without eliminating sensation

38
Q

What is modality?

A

Characteristics used to describe a particular type of stimulus
Particular form of sensory perception
Particular mode in which something exists or is expressed

39
Q

Receptor activation can be accelerated by what?

40
Q

Receptor activation can be terminated by what?

A

Antagonists

41
Q

How does NT get terminated at the synapse?

A
  1. Enzymatic degradation of NT
  2. NT re-uptake by the pre-synaptic membrane
  3. Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
42
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Spinal Cord Injury
Sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen (blockage of blood flow/artery rupture)

43
Q

What is a spinal cord transection?

A

Complete tear of the spinal cord

44
Q

What is a spinal cord disc herniation?

A

Tear in the outer fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc

45
Q

What is the 3 neuron pathway to the Primary Sensory Cortex?

A
  1. Sensory Ganglion
  2. Spinal cord or brain stem nuclei, axon crosses midline
  3. Thalamus
46
Q

Classes of axons

A

A Alpha (skeletal muscle)
Beta
Gamma
Delta (SHARP pain)
B (myelinated)
C (non-myelinated and DULL pain)

47
Q

What is Cranial Nerve #5

A

Trigeminal Nerve (both motor and sensory)
sensation in face, biting and chewing

48
Q

What kinds of receptors are modality specific?

A

Sensory receptors

49
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

The post central gyrus (parietal lobe)

50
Q

Sensory Innervation of the Head & Neck

A

V1 Ophthalmic: Trigeminal Nerve
V2 Maxillary
V3 Mandibular
**V1 V2 only sensory
** V3 both motor and sensory

51
Q

What are the sensory pathways of the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve, nucleus and ganglion
Thalamus
Facial region of sensory cortex

52
Q

What is the sensory homunculus?

A

A map of sensory space in SSS cortex
SSS-somatosensory

53
Q

What regions of the SSS Cortex have the highest sensory receptor density?

A

The face and hands (cortical area)

54
Q

What structures are included in the maxillary division of the trigeminal innervation?

A

Maxillary teeth and palate

55
Q

What structures are included in the mandibular division of the trigeminal innervation?

A

Mandibular teeth, tongue and floor of the mouth

56
Q

What is the Brodmann’s area? Where is it located?

A

Region of cerebral cortex defined by its cellular composition and organization of cells

57
Q

What is Epilepsy? What are the 3 types?

A

A brain disorder involving repeated seizures
3 Types: focal, petit mal, and grand mal

58
Q

Focal epilepsy

A

epileptic activity starts in just part of the person’s brain

59
Q

Petit Mal epilepsy

A

very uncommon, begins suddenly & occurs w/o any warning signs

60
Q

Grand Mal epilepsy

A

features a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contraction

61
Q

William’s syndrome

A

A distinctive small facial appearance along with a low nasal bridge
Caused by a deletion of 26 genes

62
Q

Fear/Phobias

A

Have increased insular activity

63
Q

Classes of axons

A

A Alpha (skeletal muscle)
Beta
Gamma
Delta (SHARP pain)
B (myelinated)
C (non-myelinated and DULL pain)

Intro to Human Body (2 decks)

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