Nervous System

Question 1

How many planes are there and what are they?

Answer 1

3 planes
Sagittal, Coronal/Frontal, Horizontal/Transverse

Question 2

How many directions are there and what are they?

Answer 2

4 directions
Superior/Cranial, Posterior/Dorsal, Anterior/Ventral, Inferior/Caudal

Question 3

How many neurons are involved in sensory pathway?

Answer 3

3 neurons
Starting from dorsal root ganglion in peripherary, then through 2nd neuron in spinal cord then to the brain

Question 4

How many neurons are involved in motor pathway?

Answer 4

2 neurons
Starting from the brain out to peripherary

Question 5

Involuntary motor control neuron pathway

Answer 5

Technically 3, even if it is motor

Question 6

Multipolar neuron function?

Answer 6

Motor control

Question 7

Bipolar neuron function?

Answer 7

4 special senses

Question 8

Pseudo-unipolar neuron function?

Answer 8

general sensation (sensory)

Question 9

CNS includes?

Answer 9

brain & spinal cord

Question 10

PNS includes what kinds of nerves?

Answer 10

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves (ganglion)

Question 11

Name the 4 CNS Neuroglia

Answer 11

Astroglia
Oligodendrocytes (myelination)
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

Question 12

Name the 2 PNS Neuroglia

Answer 12

S&S
Schwann Cells (myelination)
Satellite Cells

Question 13

Afferent (sensory) neurons

Answer 13

Convey impulses TOWARD the CNS from the peripherary

Question 14

Interneurons

Answer 14

Form an integrating network between the sensory and motor neurons

Question 15

Efferent (motor) neurons

Answer 15

Convey impulses FROM the CNS towards the peripherary

Question 16

What structures make up the Brainstem?

Answer 16

Largest part of the brain!
Pons, Midbrain, Medulla oblongata, Diencephalon

Question 17

What is the Diencephalon? What makes it up?

Answer 17

In the brainstem and made up of:
Thalamus: relaying of sensory & motor signals to the cerebral cortex (sleep, consciousness, alertness)
Hypothalamus: body temperature, hunger, thirst

Question 18

What is the midbrain function?

Answer 18

In the brainstem
Function: vision, hearing, motor control

Question 19

What is the pons function?

Answer 19

In the brainstem
Function: sleep, respiration, swallowing, hearing

Question 20

What is the medulla oblongata function?

Answer 20

In the brainstem
Function: breathing, heart rate, blood pressurek.

Question 21

What are the brain divisions?

Answer 21

Cerebrum (2 hemispheres), Cerebellum, and Brain Stem

Question 22

What is gray matter?

Answer 22

Neuronal cell bodies are in the gray matter

Question 23

What is white matter?

Answer 23

The myelinated axon projections of neurons form the white matter

Question 24

What are the 5 lobes of the brain?

Answer 24

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and Insula

Question 25

What structures are located in the Cerebral Cortex?

Answer 25

Gyri, Sulci Lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and Insula

Question 26

Frontal Cerebral Cortex Function

Answer 26

personality, reward, attention, skilled motor processing, short term memory

Question 27

Temporal Cerebral Cortex Function

Answer 27

process sensory input into memories, language comprehension and emotion

Question 28

Parietal Cerebral Cortex Function

Answer 28

integrates sensory info (sensation)

Question 29

Occipital Cerebral Cortex Function

Answer 29

visual processing center

Question 30

Insula Cerebral Cortex Function

Answer 30

consciousness, emotion, homeostasis

Question 31

What is the spinal cord?

Answer 31

- A collection of neuronal cell bodies in the central gray matter surrounded by axonal projections in the white matter - Extends from brainstem into the vertebral column - 31 spinal nerves

Question 32

Cranial nerves

Answer 32

12 nerves Are attached to the brain or brainstem May be sensory or motor or both

Question 33

How many Spinal Nerves are there? Are they sensory only, or motor also?

Answer 33

31 Pairs Are attached at the spinal cord Mostly both sensory and motor

Question 34

What are ganglia?

Answer 34

A collection of neuronal cells bodies located outside of the CNS

Question 35

How many spinal nerves are in each section?

Answer 35

Cervical- 8 Thoracic- 12 Lumbar- 5 Sacral- 5 Coccygeal- 1

Question 36

What is an anesthetic?

Answer 36

Drug that causes reversible loss of sensation Blocks voltage-gated Na channels and APs Sensory info fails to reach CNS

Question 37

What is an analgesic?

Answer 37

Relieves pain without eliminating sensation

Question 38

What is modality?

Answer 38

Characteristics used to describe a particular type of stimulus Particular form of sensory perception Particular mode in which something exists or is expressed

Question 39

Receptor activation can be accelerated by what?

Answer 39

Agonists

Question 40

Receptor activation can be terminated by what?

Answer 40

Antagonists

Question 41

How does NT get terminated at the synapse?

Answer 41

1. Enzymatic degradation of NT 2. NT re-uptake by the pre-synaptic membrane 3. Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft

Question 42

What is a stroke?

Answer 42

Spinal Cord Injury Sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen (blockage of blood flow/artery rupture)

Question 43

What is a spinal cord transection?

Answer 43

Complete tear of the spinal cord

Question 44

What is a spinal cord disc herniation?

Answer 44

Tear in the outer fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc

Question 45

What is the 3 neuron pathway to the Primary Sensory Cortex?

Answer 45

1. Sensory Ganglion 2. Spinal cord or brain stem nuclei, axon crosses midline 3. Thalamus

Question 46

Classes of axons

Answer 46

A Alpha (skeletal muscle) Beta Gamma Delta (SHARP pain) B (myelinated) C (non-myelinated and DULL pain)

Question 47

What is Cranial Nerve #5

Answer 47

Trigeminal Nerve (both motor and sensory) sensation in face, biting and chewing

Question 48

What kinds of receptors are modality specific?

Answer 48

Sensory receptors

Question 49

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

Answer 49

The post central gyrus (parietal lobe)

Question 50

Sensory Innervation of the Head & Neck

Answer 50

V1 Ophthalmic: Trigeminal Nerve V2 Maxillary V3 Mandibular **V1 V2 only sensory ** V3 both motor and sensory

Question 51

What are the sensory pathways of the face?

Answer 51

Trigeminal nerve, nucleus and ganglion Thalamus Facial region of sensory cortex

Question 52

What is the sensory homunculus?

Answer 52

A map of sensory space in SSS cortex SSS-somatosensory

Question 53

What regions of the SSS Cortex have the highest sensory receptor density?

Answer 53

The face and hands (cortical area)

Question 54

What structures are included in the **maxillary** division of the trigeminal innervation?

Answer 54

Maxillary teeth and palate

Question 55

What structures are included in the **mandibular** division of the trigeminal innervation?

Answer 55

Mandibular teeth, tongue and floor of the mouth

Question 56

What is the Brodmann's area? Where is it located?

Answer 56

Region of cerebral cortex defined by its cellular composition and organization of cells

Question 57

What is Epilepsy? What are the 3 types?

Answer 57

A brain disorder involving repeated seizures 3 Types: focal, petit mal, and grand mal

Question 58

Focal epilepsy

Answer 58

epileptic activity starts in just part of the person's brain

Question 59

Petit Mal epilepsy

Answer 59

very uncommon, begins suddenly & occurs w/o any warning signs

Question 60

Grand Mal epilepsy

Answer 60

features a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contraction

Question 61

William's syndrome

Answer 61

A distinctive small facial appearance along with a low nasal bridge Caused by a deletion of 26 genes

Question 62

Fear/Phobias

Answer 62

Have increased insular activity

Question 63

Classes of axons

Answer 63

A Alpha (skeletal muscle) Beta Gamma Delta (SHARP pain) B (myelinated) C (non-myelinated and DULL pain)