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nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the neurons?

A
  • Soma
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • terminal boutons
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2
Q

how many neuron in the human body?

A

100 billion

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3
Q

what are the three mechanisms of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A
  1. returned to axon terminals or moved to glial cells
  2. enzyme inactivate neurotransmitters
  3. neurotransmitter can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft
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4
Q

what is the difference between divergence and convergence?

A

Divergence: expand the signal
convergence: channel the signal down

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5
Q

what are the types of neurons?

A
  • afferent neurons
  • Efferent neurons
  • Interneurons
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6
Q

which type of neurons carry information from periphery into nervous system?

A

Afferent neurons

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7
Q

which type of neurons carry commands from the nervous system to muscles or glands?

A

Efferent neurons

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8
Q

which type of neurons is mainly found in the central nervous system?

A

interneurons

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9
Q

what types of neurons required for withdrawal reflexes?

A
  • afferent neuron
  • interneurons in spinal cord
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10
Q

what is the difference between nerve net and nerve network?

A
  • nerve net: simple and small number of neurons
  • nervous system: complex, huge number of neurons, contain sub-division.
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11
Q

what is the name of paired or grouped neurons?

A

ganglia (singular. ganglion)

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12
Q

what is the largest pair of ganglia?

A

two hemispheres of the brain

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13
Q

what is the part of the nervous system that connect distant parts of organism?

A

the spinal cord

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14
Q

what are the functions of the central nervous system?

A

processing centre

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15
Q

what are the functions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

communication system

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16
Q

what are the main functions of glial cells?

A
  1. Support and hold neurons in place.
  2. nourishment - supply nutrients
  3. insulate neurons electrically
  4. protect from pathogens
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17
Q

what are the different types of glial cells?

A
  • Astrocyte
  • Oligodendrocyte
  • Schwann cell
  • Microglia
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18
Q

where are astrocytes found?

A

CNS

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19
Q

which type of glial cells is star-shaped?

A

Astrocytes

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20
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • support and protect neurons
  • contribute to blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  • protect brain from toxins/ drugs
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21
Q

how is the capillaries in the brain different to capillaries in the rest of the body?

A

less leaky and permeable

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22
Q

what makes the blood-brain barrier?

A

cell membranes that fit together very well

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23
Q

what is the role of astrocytes in the BBB?

A

reinforce the capillaries by their sticky feet projections

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24
Q

what can pass through the BBB?

A

fat soluble substances + alcohol + anaesthetics

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25
where can Schwann cells be found?
Periphery ony
26
what is the function of Schwann cells?
myelination
27
what are the benefits of myelin?
* provides electrical insulation * enhances speed of electrical conductance
28
impulse jumps between....
Nodes of Ranvier
29
what is the name of the jumping electrical impulse?
saltatory conduction
30
where can Oligodendrocytes be found?
CNS only
31
what is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Myelination
32
one oligodendrocyte coat one axon. true of false
false
33
what disease is related to loss of myelin sheath?
multiple sclerosis
34
what are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
* pins and needles * loss of motor function * visual disturbance
35
where can the microglia be found?
CNS
36
what is the function of microglia?
immune/ inflammatory function
37
why is microglia important as an immune defence for the CNS?
few antibodies cross the BBB
38
what happens when a part of CNS is injured?
* astrocytes invade injury site and attract microglia * Spread of injury is limited and the remaining CNS is protected. * A cyst (plaque or glial scare) is formed
39
what is the role of the cyst in making damage to CNS permanent?
the cyst acts as a physical and chemical (secretes inhibitory molecules) barrier to regrowth
40
why isn't damage to PNS permanent?
no astrocyte of microglia present their
41
what are the parts of the brain?
* Brain stem * Cerebellum * Cerebrum * Olfactory lobe
42
which part of the brain controls basic, autonomic functions?
brain stem
43
which part of the brain integrates sensory and motor movement?
cerebellum
44
which part of the brain controls complex behaviours, emotions, learning and memory?
cerebrum
45
what are the parts of the nervous system in the first 25 days of embryonic development?
* Forebrain * Midbrain * Hindbrain * spinal cord
46
what are the parts of the nervous system (40 days of embryonic development)?
* telencephalon * diencephalon * Midbrain * Hindbrain * spinal cord
47
what will the telencephalon develop into?
cerebrum
48
what will the diencephalon develop into?
forebrain relay site (thalamus, hypothalamus, eye development)
49
what will the hindbrain develop into?
* cerebellum * pons and medulla
50
what are the functions of the midbrain?
* vision and olfaction
51
what is the part of the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
the corpus callosum
52
how many axonal projections present in the corpus callosum?
200-250 million
53
what is the outer layer of the cerebrum and why is it convoluted?
cerebral cortex, to fit into the skull
54
what is the cerebral cortex made of?
gyri (ridges) and sulci (valleys)
55
what are 4 lobes of the cerebrum?
* Frontal lobe * temporal lobe * parietal lobe * occipital lobe
56
what does it mean saying that the functions of the cerebral hemispheres work contralaterally?
Right hemisphere control functions of the left side of the body and vice versa
57
what are the functions of the temporal lobe?
* auditory processing * recognising and naming objects * identifying faces
58
what is agnosia?
damage to the temporal lobe resulting in inability to name objects although being aware of them
59
what are the functions of the frontal lobe?
* contain the primary motor cortex: specific muscles contract * role in personality and character * planning * social conscience * awareness
60
what are the functions of the parietal lobe?
* contains the primary somatosensory cortex: sensation of touch of specific parts of the body. * responding * interpreting complex stimuli
61
what causes contralateral neglect syndrome?
damage to right parietal lobe
62
are functions carried out by the two hemispheres symmetrical?
no
63
what are special functions carried out by the right hemisphere?
* spatial perceptions * artistic tasks
64
what are special functions carried out by the left hemisphere?
* reasoning * data and linguistic analysis * numerical analysis
65
what are the functions of the occipital lobe?
* receives and processes visual information * articulating what we see * understanding what we see
66
what are the results of damaged occipital lobe?
loss of motion perception
67
what is the function of Broca's area?
word production
68
what is the function of Wernick's area?
interpretation
69
what does damage to Wernicke's area result in?
receptive aphasia
70
what does damage to Broca's area result in?
expressive aphasia

The Cell (5 decks)

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