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immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three phases of defence response?

A
  • recognition
  • activation
  • effector
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2
Q

what are the two general types of defence?

A
  • nonspecific defenses (innate)
  • specific defenses (adaptive)
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3
Q

what parts of the human body important for the defense system?

A

lymphoid tissues:
* thymus
* bone marrow
* spleen
* lymph nodes

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4
Q

what type white blood cells can be found in lymph nodes?

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

what type of cells myeloid progenitor cells give rise to?

A
  • RBCs
  • platelets
  • white blood cells (phagocytes)
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6
Q

what are the two main types of white blood cells?

A
  • phagocytes
  • lymphocytes
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7
Q

what is the name of WBCs that releases histamine and may promote development of T cells?

A

Basophils

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8
Q

what is the name of WBCs that kills antibody-coated parasites?

A

Eosinophils

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9
Q

what is the name of WBCs that stimulates inflammation?

A

neutrophils

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10
Q

what is the name of WBCs that releases histamine when damaged?

A

mast cells

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11
Q

what is the name of WBCs that develop into macrophages and dendritic cells?

A

monocyte

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12
Q

what is the name of WBCs that engulfs and digest microorganisms and activates T cells?

A

macrophages

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13
Q

what is the name of WBCs that present antibodies to T cells?

A

dendritic cell

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14
Q

what type of WBCs lymphoid progenitor cell develop into?

A

B and T lymphocytes and natural killer cells

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15
Q

what is the name of WBCs that differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells?

A

B lymphocytes

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16
Q

what is the name of WBCs that kill virus-infected cells and regulates activities of other WBCs?

A

T lymphocytes

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17
Q

what is the name of WBCs that attacks and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells?

A

natural killer body cells

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18
Q

what are the key four proteins involved in the immune system?

A
  • antibodies
  • major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
  • T-cell receptors
  • cytokines
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19
Q

what is the primary nonspecific defense?

A

skin

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20
Q

what is the nonspecific defense carried out by bacteria and fungi living on body surface?

A

normal flora

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21
Q

what are the nonspecific defenses that contain lysozyme?

A

tears, nasal mucus and saliva

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22
Q

what are the nonspecific defense that produces defensins?

A

mucous membrane

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23
Q

what kills the pathogens in the digest tract?

A

gastric juices or bile salts

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24
Q

what is the complement system?

A

antimicrobial proteins

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25
how do the complement proteins work?
* mark microbes for phagocytes * activate inflammation response * lyse invading cells
26
what are interfrons?
signaling molecules produced by infected cells
27
how do interferons work?
* inhibit viral reproduction in neighbouring cells * stimulate cells to hydrolyze pathogen's proteins
28
how do natural killer cells work?
* initiate apoptosis * lyse cells labeled by antibodies
29
what is tumor necrosis factor?
cytokine that kills target cells and activates immune system
30
what does prostaglandin do?
* dilate blood vessels * interact with nerve (pain)
31
what substance is responsible for the rising temperature after infection?
cytokine
32
how does aspirin work to alleviate inflammation?
inhibits an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandin
33
what is the receptor responsible for the transduction pathway of pathogens?
toll-like receptors
34
what is the protein produced by macrophages that initiates a cascade to activate transcription factors for defensive proteins?
CD14
35
what are the four key traits of the specific immune system?
* specificity * ability to distinguish self from non-self * diversity * memory
36
what is the non-self molecules that T-cell receptors identify?
antigens
37
what are the specific sites on the antigen called?
antigenic determinants (epitopes)
38
what does the immune system identify as a foreign and what does it identify as a self body?
* foreign has an antigen * self has a MHC
39
what are the types of the specific immune system?
* Humoral immune response (B cells and antibodies) * Cellular immune response (cytotoxic T cells)
40
what type of cells integrate the two types of the specific immune systems?
T-helper cells
41
what are the two types of cells that lymphocytes produce after being activated?
* Effector cells * Memory cells
42
what is clonal selection?
the activation of a lymphocyte by binding to an antigen triggers the proliferation of that same lymphocytes to eliminate the foreign body.
43
what is the difference between the primary and secondary immune responses?
the secondary response is faster and stronger due to the fast recognition of the antigen by memory cells.
44
what are the three ways of modifying pathogens for vaccination?
* inactivation by heat or chemicals * attenuation of virulence by inducing mutations * recombinant DNA technology
45
what is clonal deletion?
immature lymphocytes that might recognise own antigens undergo apoptosis.
46
what triggers the development of plasma cell from B cells?
T-helper cells binding to the same antigen that the B cell has bind to.
47
during the development of plasma cells, what are the two organelles required the most?
ER and ribosomes for synthesis of antibodies protein
48
what type of proteins antibodies are made of?
immunoglobulins
49
what is the antibody made of?
light and heavy chains
50
what are the regions of the antibody?
* constant region * variable region
51
true or false the two variable regions of the antibody are bivalent.
true
52
what are the five classes of antibodies?
* IgG * IgE * IgD * IgM * IgA
53
what is the most abundant and soluble class of antibodies?
IgG
54
what is the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies?
monoclonal: specific for one epitope polyclonal: specificity for many epitopes
55
what is a hybridoma?
B cells fused with tumor cells
56
what are the uses of hybridoma?
* immunoassays * Immunotherapy
57
what is immunoassay used for?
detection of antigens in tissues or fluids (eg. detecting cancer)
58
what is immunotherapy used for?
treatment for cancer (antibody coupled with toxic or radioactive ligands)
59
what type of cells are involved in cellular immune response?
* T-helper cells * Cytotoxic T cells MHC protein involved
60
true or false. the two chains receptor in the plasma membrane of the T cell are encoded by a single gene.
false
61
what happens when the t cell bind to an antigen?
t cell proliferate to cytotoxic and helper t cells
62
what is the role of the major histocompatibility complex in the cellular immune response?
it presents the antigen to t cells
63
what is the surface protein in t cells that binds to MHC I?
CD8
64
what is the surface protein in t cells that binds to MHC II?
CD4
65
what happens in the activation phase in humoral response?
* T-h cells bind to antigen and release cytokines. * cytokines causes B cell to stimulate the production of T-h cells
66
what happens in the effector phase in humoral response?
* T-h cells activate B cells to produce Abs * B cells engulf Ags and then present them via MHC * B cell produce plasma cells to secrete Abs
67
what happens in the activation phase in cellular response?
* cytotoxic t cell bind to MHC I in infected cells and proliferate in results
68
what happens in the effector phase in cellular response?
* cytotoxic t cells recognize infected cells and initiate lysis
69
what is the substances that the cytotoxic t cells produce that triggers apoptosis in infected cells?
perforin
70
what is the receptor that perforin bind to?
Fas
71
what is the antigen protein that triggers the co-stimulatory signal?
B7
72
what is the cytokine that Treg cells release?
Interleukin 10
73
what does interleukin 10 do?
initiates apoptosis in cytotoxic and helper t cells that bind to self antigens
74
what is the drug prescribed to organ recipients that blocks the development of t cells?
cyclosporine
75
what gives b cells ability to have huge variety?
random assembly of a supergene from many possible genes.
76
what is class switching?
b cells are able to change the class of antibodies
77
during class switching, which region of the Abs change and which one stay the same?
* constant region change * variable region stays the same
78
what induces class switching in B cells?
t helper cells via cytokine signals
79
what causes immediate hypersensitivity?
* after exposure to allergens, IgE constant end binds to mast and basophils * Histamine is released if exposure to the allergen occurs again
80
how is immediate hypersensitivity is treated?
desensitization
81
how does desensitization work?
* small amount of the allergen injected which stimulates production of IgG but not IgE * If the body is exposed to the allergen again, IgG bind to it before IgE
82
what hypotheses created to explain autoimmunity?
* failure of clonal deletion * molecular mimicry
83
what is the main target of HIV?
helper t cells
84
what happens after exposure to HIV?
* T helper cells are activated and the virus concentration is limited. * Concentration of t helper cells decreases gradually as they are being killed by the virus and cytotoxic cells and with that the conc. of HIV increases
85
what are the opportunistic infections?
* Kaposi's sarcoma * Pneumonia * Lymphoma tumors
86
what are the targets of HIV drugs?
* Reverse transcriptase * Vital protease

The Cell (5 decks)

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