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SS 102 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Acts as the body’s communicating system and coordinates body activities
  2. Builds up a background of experience (memory) by recording and relating certain stimuli and responses. This is called learning.
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2
Q

Properties of Neurons:

A
  1. Can live and function for a long time
  2. They do not divide- fail to go under mitosis after birth
  3. High metabolic rate- require abundant oxygen and glucose
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3
Q

Constitues one of the cells of the nervous tissue and has the property of receiving and transmitting nervous impulse

A

Neurons

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4
Q

any of the filamentous bands of nervous tissue that connect parts of the nervous system with the other organs, conduct nervous impulses, and are made up of axons and dendrites together with protective and supportive structures

A

Nerves

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5
Q

Soma or cell body parts

A

Nissl bodies, Golgi Apparatus, Microfilament/Neurotubules and Mitochondria

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6
Q

discrete granular bodies of variable size that are seen in the soma and the dendrites, but not in the axon, and are composed of RNA and used for protein synthesis

A

Nissl bodies

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7
Q

important in packaging peptides and proteins (including neurotransmitters) into vesicles.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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8
Q

system of transport for materials within a neuron and may be used for structural support

A

Microfilaments or Neurotubules

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9
Q

small extensions from the cell body that receive information and carry the impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrites

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10
Q

long section, carries impulses away from the body

A

axon

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11
Q

Axon is made up of..

A

Axon hillock, schwann cell, myeline sheath, nodes of ranvier, neurilemma and axon terminal

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12
Q

the part of the axon where it emerges from the soma

A

axon hillock

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13
Q

forms the myeline sheath consisting of the inner spiral layers from which the protoplasm has been squeezed out

A

schwann cell

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14
Q

fat like layered insulation surrounding the axon interrupted at intervals called ________

A

myelin sheath; node of ranvier

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15
Q

gaps in the insulation

A

nodes of ranvier

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16
Q

sheath of schwann- the plasma membrane surrounding a schwann cell

A

neurilemma

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17
Q

contains neurotransmitters that are released to communicate with target neurons

A

Axon terminal

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18
Q

two processes extending from the cell body; axon and dendrite are on opposite sides

A

bipolar neurons

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19
Q

dendrite and axon emerging from one process

A

unipolar cell

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20
Q

have many processes that extend from the cell body. Each neuron has only one axon

A

multipolar neurons

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21
Q

provide structural integrity and functional support to the nerves

A

neuroglia or glial cells

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22
Q

Functions of the neuroglial

A
  1. Forms Myeline sheath
  2. Protects neurons via phagocytosis
  3. Regulates the internal environment of neurons in the CNS
  4. Helps in the regeneration of the cell
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23
Q

4 types of nerve fibers

A

unmyelinated without neurilemma, unmyelinated with neurilemma, myelinated without neurilemma, myelinated with neurilemma

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24
Q

3 classifications of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons

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25
Q

sends information from sensory receptors TOWARD the CNS

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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26
Q

sends information AWAY from the CNS to muscles or glands

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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27
Q

send information BETWEEN sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most are located in the CNS

A

interneurons

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28
Q

substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

A

neurotransmitters

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29
Q

Actions on other Neurons

A

Excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, modulatory neurons

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30
Q

Excite their target; neurotransmitter is _____

A

excitatory neurons; Acetylcholine (ACH)

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31
Q

Inhibit their target neurons; mostly interneurons; neurotransmitters are ______

A

inhibitory neurons; GABA and glycine

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32
Q

evoke more complex effects; neurotransmitters are _________

A

modulatory neurons; Dopmaine, ACH, Serotonin etc.

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33
Q

Excitatory neurons….

A
  1. Increase membrane permeability
  2. Increases chance for threshold to be achieved
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34
Q

Inhibitory neurons…

A
  1. Decrease membrane permeability
  2. decrease chance for threshold to be achieved
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35
Q

nerve endings which are specialized for receiving certain stimuli

A

receptors

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36
Q

3 receptors

A

Exteroreceptor, Interoreceptor, Proprioceptor

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37
Q

Receive sensations of touch, pain, temp., vision, and hearing from sources outside the body

A

Exteroreceptors

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38
Q

Receive visual sensations such as hunger, thirst and visceral pain from sources arising inside the body

A

Interoreceptors

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39
Q

located in muscles, tendons, and joints, which receive sensations of position, movement, deep pressure and balance

A

proprioceptors

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40
Q

structures which carry out the motor activities

A

effectors

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41
Q

two types of effectors

A

somatic and visceral

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42
Q

effector located in skeletal muscles

A

somatic effectors

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43
Q

effector located in smooth muscles, heart, and secretory glands

A

visceral effectors

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44
Q

propagated disturbance along a nerve cell. Movement of ___________ along a nerve cell, and is conducted along the axon to its terminal

A

impulse; action potential

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45
Q

Speed of an impulse is determined by…

A
  1. diameter of the axon (greater = faster)
  2. Myelinated neurons conduct faster than unmyelinated neurons
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46
Q

Self regenerating wave of electrochemical activity that allows nerve cells to carry a signal over a distance

A

action potential

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47
Q

Action potential is also known as ________. (The rapid rising and falling of the action potential form a sharp spike called the_______)

A

nerve impulses/spikes; spike potential

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48
Q

Membrane potential in cells are determined by…

A
  1. The concentration of ions on the inside and outside of the cell
  2. The permeability of the cell membranes to those ions through specific ion channels
  3. The activity of electrogenic pumps that maintain the ion concentrations across the membrane.
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49
Q

Two ions that contribute to membrane potential

A

Sodium and Potassium

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50
Q

How many ions of K and Na get pumped in a neuron?

A

3 Na to the outside; 2 K to the inside

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51
Q

What is the reason why there is a higher concentration of sodium on the outside than the inside

A

Active transport mechanism named the Sodium-Potassium Pump

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52
Q

That which can evoke or elicit action (response) in a muscle, nerve, or any other excitable tissue, or cause an augmenting action on any function or metabolic processes.

A

Stimuli

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53
Q

Stimulus that is strong enough to achieve an action potential

A

Threshold stimulus

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54
Q

The minimum intensity of a stimulus needed to achieve an action potential

A

Threshold intensity

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55
Q

The potential (voltage) at which action potential is initiated. For excitable membrane, this is ________ than the resting membrane potential

A

Threshold potential; 15 mv less

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56
Q

Mechanism of Action Potential

A
  1. When at rest, the cell membrane of the neuron allows certain ions to pass through while preventing/restricting the movement of other ions.
  2. The stimulus which could be electric, chemical, or mechanical causes the sodium gates/channels to open.
  3. All the positively-charged sodiums rush in causing the membrane to be positive on the inside than the outside
  4. The sodium channels briefly open then close
  5. Potassium channels then open, and because there is more potassium inside the membrane than the outside, positively-charged potassium ions diffuse out.
  6. As these positive potassium ions go out, the inside of the membrane once again becomes negative with respect to the outside and the resting membrane potential is restored.
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57
Q

The membrane potential is less negative than the resting level

A

Depolarization

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58
Q

Return of the membrane to its resting level

A

Repolarization

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59
Q

The membrane potential is more negative than the resting level

A

Hyperpolarization

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60
Q

Jumping of the impulse from one node of Ranvier to the next

A

Saltatory Conduction

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61
Q

Junction between two communicating neurons

A

The Synapse

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62
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Dendrite -> cell body -> axon -> synapse -> dendrite -> cell body -> axon

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63
Q

impulse travels from neuron to neuron

A

nerve pathway

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64
Q

to complete the signal, a ______ is released at the gap to _______ the next neuron

A

neurotransmitter; signal

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65
Q

Neuron approaching the synapse. It send ______________ signals to the postsynaptic neuron.

A

Presynaptic neuron; electrical or chemical

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66
Q

Receives the signals from the presynaptic neuron and produces either an _________________ response

A

postsynaptic neuron; inhibitory or excitatory

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67
Q

How is an impulse transmitted across a synaptic cleft?

A
  1. Action potential reaches the axon terminal
  2. Voltage gated Ca+2 channel opens -> influx of Ca+2
  3. Ca signals the release of neurotransmitters
  4. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and diffuse to post-synaptic terminals
  5. Neurotranmitter binds to receptor in post-synaptic membrane
  6. Causes Na+ channels to open if threshold potential is reached
  7. An action potential is initiated
  8. Neurotransmitter is broken down by specific enzymes in the synaptic cleft
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68
Q

2 Main neurotransmitters

A

Acetycholine (Ach) and Noradrenaline

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69
Q

-released by all motor neurons, activating skeletal muscles
-involved in parasympathetic nervous system (relaxing responses)

A

Acetycholine (Ach) (Cholinergic synapse)

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70
Q
  • involved in the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response)
A

Noradrenaline (Adrenergic synapse)

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71
Q

What is under the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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72
Q

What is under the PNS

A

motor neurons and sensory neurons

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73
Q

what is under motor neurons

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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74
Q

what is under autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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75
Q

receives and posses sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions

A

brain

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76
Q

conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities

A

spinal cord

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77
Q

CNS to muscles and glands

A

motor neurons

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78
Q

Sensory organs to CNS

A

sensory neurons

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79
Q

Controls voluntary movements

A

somatic nervous system

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80
Q

Controls involuntary movements

A

autonomic nervous system

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81
Q

fight or flight response

A

sympathetic division

82
Q

rest or digest

A

parasympathetic division

83
Q

Considered the voluntary part of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System

84
Q

Coverings:

A

3 Meninges (Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater) - covers brain and spinal cord

85
Q

Hard mother - outer covering

A

Dura Mater

86
Q

3 sublayers of the Dura mater

A

Periosteum, Meningeal dura and venous sinuses

87
Q

superficial part or the inner covering of the bone

A

periosteum

88
Q

covers the brain

A

meningeal dura

89
Q

blood spaces enclosed between the periosteum and the meningeal dura

A

venous sinuses

90
Q

separated from the dura by the subdural space

A

arachnoid

91
Q

2 sublayers of the arachnoid

A

subarachnoid and trabeculae

92
Q

space under the arachnoid

A

subarachnoid

93
Q

branching delicate filament of the arachnoid

A

trabeculae

94
Q

innermost layer of the meninges; a delicate, transparent tissue which closely follows the contours of the brain

A

pia mater (tender mother)

95
Q

Spaces in the brain

A

ventricles; filled with CFS (cerebrospinal fluid)

96
Q

connected to each other by the interventicular foramen

A

2 lateral ventricles

97
Q

opens into the cerebral aqueduct

A

3rd ventricle

98
Q

with 3 openings, 1 median _________ and 2 lateral foramina, ____________

A

4th ventricle; foramen of magendie; foramen of luschka

99
Q

tiny blood capillaries located in the walls of the ventricles, forms the CSF. They are lined by ependymal cells.

A

Choroid plexus

100
Q

ultra filtrate of plasma that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

A

CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid

101
Q

Functions of the Cerebrospinal Fluid:

A
  1. Acts as a cushion and shock absorber of the brain and spinal cord and make it buoyant.
  2. Delivers nutrients to the brain and removes waste
  3. Maintains the stability of the extra- and intra- cellular environment by creating the proper concentrations of the chemical needed for synaptic transmission.
  4. To flow between the cranium and the spine and compensate for the changes in intracranial volume.
102
Q

Drainage of the CSF

A

Subarachnoid cisterns and Central Spinal Canal

103
Q

bathes the brain between the arachnoid and pia mater

A

subarachnoid cisterns

104
Q

bathes the spinal cord

A

central spinal canal

105
Q

abnormal collection of CSF within the ventricles causing raised intracranial pressure

A

Hydrocephalus

106
Q

A cylindrical mass of ____________ about ________. In length which occupies 2/3 of the vertebral canal.

A

spinal cord- nervous tissue; 40-45 cm

107
Q

a thin extension of the pia mater which anchors the spinal cord and attaches to the coccyx

A

filum terimnale

108
Q

Spinal Nerves: composed of __ segments each bearing one pair of spinal nerves-
___ cervical pairs
___ thoracic
___ lumbar
___ sacral
___ coccygeal

A

31; 8; 12; 5; 5; 1

109
Q

an opening between 2 vertebrae where the spinal nerve passes through

A

intervertebral foramen

110
Q

large bundle composed of roots of all the spinal nerves below the 1st lumbar pair

A

cauda equina

111
Q

contain afferent nerve cells

A

dorsal root ganglia

112
Q

contains efferent nerve fibers with cell bodies in the cord

A

ventral root

113
Q

dorsal and ventral branches formed the spinal nerve and distributed to the ventral and dorsal areas of the body

A

ramus

114
Q

where neural cell bodies, axon terminals, and dendrites, as well as all nerve synapses are found

A

gray matter (a type of brain tissue)

115
Q

gray matter is abundant where

A

cerebellum, cerebrum and brain stem

116
Q

seen in the brain and spinal cord and is composed of bundles of axons

A

white matter (a type of axon)

117
Q

White matter is coated with _______, a mixture of _________, that helps conduct nerve signals and protect the axons

A

myelin; proteins and lipids

118
Q

Nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system.

A

Ganglion

119
Q

Functions of the Spinal Cord:

A
  1. It serves as a reflex center
  2. It serves as a pathway for conducting impulses wither to or from the brain and spinal cord
  3. Keeps the condition inside the body constant by reacting to a change in the environment in a way that maintains homeostasis.
120
Q

involuntary reactions in response to a stimuli

A

reflexes

121
Q

______ carry the message from the stimulated receptors to the correct effectors.

A

Nerve cells (neurons)

122
Q

Reflex pathway

A
  1. A sensory neuron carries the message from the receptor to the CNS
  2. A motor neuron carries the message from the CNS to the effector

CALLED A REFLEX ARC

123
Q

bundles of nerve fibers carrying sensory impulses up the cord and into the brain which interpret them accordingly

A

ascending tracts

124
Q

conducts efferent or motor impulses to the skeletal muscles

A

descending tracts

125
Q

Spinal tracts

A

posterior tracts, spinothalamic tracts, corticospinal tracts

126
Q

convey information from the skin about pressure, touch, and pain. They also help us position our body and space, so we can move according to our surroundings

A

posterior tracts

127
Q

conveys information about the bodys temperature and level of pain

A

spinothalamic tracts

128
Q

sends signals from the brain to the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles for movement

A

corticospinal tracts

129
Q

a complicated network of nerve fibers from the anterior remus before they go directly to the skin or muscles

A

plexuses

130
Q

4 types of plexus

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral

131
Q

supplies muscles and skin of the neck and posterior part of the scalp; anterior rami of the 1st four cervical nerves C1-4

A

cervical plexus

132
Q

C3, 4 & 5 - supplies motor fibers to the diaphragm, an important muscle for respiration

A

phrenic nerve

133
Q

supplies th eneck and shoulder muscles and the entire upper body extremity

A

brachial plexus

134
Q

Nerves under the brachial plexus

A

Musculocutaneuos nerve (biceps brachii)
Axilliary nerve (deltoid)
Median nerve (most flexors in the forearm)
Radial Nerve (most extensors of arm and forearm
Ulnar nerve (medial portion of the arm)

135
Q

T12 and 1st 4 lumbar spinal nerves L1,2,3 & 4

A

Lumbar plexus

136
Q

adductors of the hip

A

obturator nerve

137
Q

quadriceps group of muscles

A

femoral nerve

138
Q

complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, behind the stomach and at the level of L1

A

coeliac or solar plexus

139
Q

anterior ram of L4 &L5 and the 1st 3 sacral spines S1-3

A

sacral plexus

140
Q

longest and largest nerve in the PNS; innervates flexors of the knee and foot

A

sciatic nerve

141
Q

What is under the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

142
Q

what is under the forebrain

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

143
Q

what is under the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

144
Q

what is under the hindbrain

A

metencephalon and mylencephalon

145
Q

what is under the mylencephalon

A

medulla

146
Q

contains the vital centers - heart activity, blood pressure, respiratory movements

-originates just above the ____ cervical spinal nerve
-Forms the floor of the ____ ventricle
-Contains cells of origins of the _____ cranial nerves

A

medulla; 1st; 4th; 9-12

147
Q

What is under the metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

148
Q

Lies ventral to the cerebellum; acts as a bridge between the medulla and the cerebral peduncles; consists of myelinated fiber tracts, both ascending and descending

-Contains cells of origin of the _____ cranial nerves

A

pons; 5-8

149
Q

second largest part of the brain

A

cerebellum

150
Q

the cerebellum as __ lateral hemispheres and a central portion (____)

A

2; vermis

151
Q

the cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by a fold of…..

A

dura mater (tentorium cerebelli)

152
Q

the cerebellum is composed of

A

inner white matter (arbor vitae) and outer gray matter

153
Q

______ connect the cerebellum, with other parts pf the brain

A

penduncles

154
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. Fine coordination of the prime movers, synergists and antagonists in skeletal muscles
  2. Plays an important role in the maintenance of balance and equilibrium since it receives afferent impulses from the ear
155
Q

involved in sleep, consciousness, vision, hearing and temperature regulation and motor functions

A

mesencephalon

156
Q

2 rope-like masses of white matter which pass through carrying impulses to and from the cerebrum

A

cerebral peduncles

157
Q

4 small rounded elevations

A

corpora quadrigemina (tectum)

158
Q

relay visual impulses

A

superior colliculi (hills)

159
Q

relay auditory impulses

A

inferior colliculi

160
Q

located between the cerebrum and midbrain

A

diencephalon

161
Q

All afferent impulses going to the cerebrum are relayed through cell bodies in here; plays a major role in regulating arousal, level os consciousness and levels of activity

  • forms the lateral wall of the ___ ventricle
    -composed of ___ lateral masses of _____
A

thalamus; 3rd; 2; gray matter

162
Q

anterior part of this area contains the _________, the crossing of the optic nerve

  • forms the floor and part of the lateral walls of the ____ ventricle
A

hypothalamus; optic chiasma;3rd

163
Q

functions of the thalamus

A
  1. Regulates the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
  2. Controls body temperature by shivering and sweating
  3. Involved in the expression of emotions
164
Q

largest part of the brain

A

telencephalon (cerebrum)

165
Q

divides the cerebrum into left ad right hemisphere

A

longitudinal fissure

166
Q

joind the hemisphere in the inferior surface

A

corpus callosum

167
Q

outer surface composed of a layer of grey matter with sulci and gyri

A

cerebral cortex

168
Q

outer surface composed of a layer of grey matter with sulci and gyri

A

cerebral cortex

169
Q

cerebral cortex- contains most of the brains neuronal cell bodies

A

gray matter

170
Q

cerebral cortex- long axon tracts

A

white matter

171
Q

connect cerebrum with lower parts of the nervous system

A

projection fibers

172
Q

connect neurons from different parts in the same hemisphere

A

association fibers

173
Q

cross from one hemisphere to the other

A

commisural fibers

174
Q

main functions of cerebral cortex

A

sensory mechanism and association functions, voluntary muscle movement and basal ganglia

175
Q

special senses

A

sensory mechanism

176
Q

learning, memory, judgement, emotional states

A

association functions

177
Q

occupies the anterior central gyrus in each hemisphere where each section of this area is specific for certain region of the body

A

primary motor area

178
Q

main motor pathways from both hemispheres down to the spinal cord

A

pyramidal tracts

179
Q
  • do not pass through the pyramids of the medulla
  • they synapse with motor cells in various parts of the brain below the cortex
  • facilitates or inhibits the motor impulses from the primary motor area
A

extrapyramidal tracts

180
Q

scattered areas of grey matter embedded in white matter

A

basal ganglia

181
Q

functions of the basal ganglia

A

-control voluntary motor movements
-procedural learning
-routine behaviors or habits
- eye movements
-cognition and emotion
-inhibits excitation of muscles to prevent overreaction

182
Q

neurological conditions associated with basal ganglia dysfunction

A

tourette syndrome, movement disorders- parkinson’s disease, huntington’s disease, hemiballismus

183
Q

characterized by multiple physical tics and at least one vocal tic

A

tourette syndrome

184
Q

caused by a decrease or absence of dopamine which controls body movement and coordination

A

parkinsons disease

185
Q

uncoordinated, jerky body movements become more apparent, along with a decline in mental abilities and behavioral and psychiatric problems

A

huntingtons disease

186
Q

involuntary flinging motions of the extremity

A

hemiballismus

187
Q

collection of structures from the forebrain and the midbrain that lies on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum

A

limbic system

188
Q

function of limbic system

A

controls emotion, behaviour, motivation and long term memory

189
Q

controls involuntary responses

A

visceral motor system

190
Q

target organs of autonomic nervous system

A

glands that form secretion, organs that contain smooth muscles, cardiac muscles of the heart

191
Q

bodys emergency mechanism

A

fight or flight

192
Q

extension of the brain and is located in the bony orbits for protection

A

the eye

193
Q

located in the upper outer corner of each eyeball, secreting tears

A

lacrimal glands

194
Q

lacrimal glands functions

A
  1. Keeps the surface moist
  2. Washes away foreign particles
195
Q

outer coat composed of tough, white, fibrous connective tissue; does not contain blood vessels, but have sensory nerve endings for pain

A

sclera

196
Q

transparent layer on the anterior surface so that light can enter the eye. No blood vessels here are present

A

cornea

197
Q

middle coat, contains many blood vessels

A

choroid

198
Q

forms a circular area around the anterior portion and consists of smooth muscles

A

ciliary body

199
Q

extend to hold the lens of the eye in place

A

suspensory ligaments

200
Q

colored part of the eye

A

iris

201
Q

a groove or recess where the aqueous humor drains and enters the blood

A

canal of sclemm

202
Q

inner layer without a complete coat having no anterior portion; is continuous with the optic nerve

A

retina

SS 102 (2 decks)

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