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BIOL 103 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How does a protein isolated from jellyfish help with sorting out functional connections?

A

They took the green fluorescent protein, and mutated it to create proteins that are different colours of fluorescence. Each cell is a different colour code, so you can trace the path of particular cells through nervous systems.

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2
Q

What do sponges lack?

A

nerves

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3
Q

How do sponges get by without having nerves?

A

having connections between cells that do not involve the excitation of cells and communicate by neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What network do Cnidarians have that help with their digestive system?

A

have a diffuse net or nerves that wraps around the whole body, and this network lets them open and close their digestive and move their arms a bit to get some plankton

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5
Q

What arrangement of neurons do flatworms have, and how is it beneficial?

A

segmental arrangement of neurons, and beneficial because it allows it to control its body movements

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6
Q

What is cephalization?

A

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior (top of the animal) end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo’s development.

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7
Q

What happened to the planarian that was unable to use environmental cues from earth because it was on space for its pathways of regeneration?

A

when deprived of that sensory feedback, they did not know whether or not to make a replacement head or tail

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8
Q

How do neurons collect info?

A

dendrites

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9
Q

What do the axons do?

A

transmit signals to the next cell

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10
Q

What is the myelin?

A

-macromolecule sheath
-wraps around the axon
-provides insulation that accelerates propogation (spreading) of the action potential down the axon
-in the CNS it is made by oligodendrocyte cells
-in the PNS made by the Schwann cells

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11
Q

What are glia?

A

non neuronal cells within the CNS.

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12
Q

What role do the glia play?

A

protecting the CNS from infections

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13
Q

What are the capillaries composed of?

A

endothelial cells.

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14
Q

Why do endothelial cells have tight connections?

A

to prevent material from leaking from the circulation into the brain’s interstitial fluid

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15
Q

why are the connections between the cells in the hypothalmus not as tight?

A

permits the region to sample circulation

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16
Q

How it capillary integrity controlled?

A

by astrocytes

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17
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

sense the environment, and when the immune system is called into action, astrocytes inform the capillaries on whether or not to alter permeability.

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18
Q

what is the grey matter of the brain made up of?

A

largely unmyelinated neurons, cell bodies, dendrites, glia

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19
Q

What is the white made up of, and what makes it “white”?

A

-made from a collection of myelinated neurons
-whiteness coming from the myelin sheaths

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20
Q

What does the spinal cord work as?

A

-tract for neurons from the brain
-second brain to control pattern generation and respond to sensory events associated with reflex

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21
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

What is the PNS?

A

-peripheral nervous system
-the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

What are reflexes a good example of?

A

-benefits of a complicated nervous arrangement of the CNS

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24
Q

What would happen if a doctor were to wack someone in the kneecap, what would be the chain reaction?

A

-mechanical stimulation creates an event that the muscle recognizes and needs to contract
-sensory neuron picks up a signal from the connective tissue near the muscle
-send one signal to the spinal cord, then back to the motor neuron to tell the quad to contract
-also sends a signal to the inter-neuron which translates that into a signal that tells the hamstring not to contract
-ensures our leg extends

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25
Q

How can ciruitry reflexes be altered in response to the cold? Explain the events.

A

-skin senses it’s cold
-sensory neurons send signals to the hypothalamus
-sends its own signals to the region of the spinal cord that integrates sensory input
-the new info causes the motor neurons to activate the hamstring and quad muscles to contract erratically
-muscles vibrate
-also it alters the activity of the leg, and also sends signals back to the skin to alter things like hair orientation, sweating, and prefusion through the capillary beds
-enables complex patterns to be generated while also allowing the patterns to be altered due to sensory input

26
Q

What is the brain divided into?

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

27
Q

What is the function of the forebrain?

A

collection of sensory information

28
Q

What is the function of the hindbrain?

A

control of movement

29
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

an interpreter, helping the hindbrain what to do in response to the forebrain

30
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

place where the processing of information about day length occurs. controls out circadian rythm

31
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

below the thalamus

32
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

a collection of neurons that receives signals and sends signals all in support of homeostasis

33
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend from?

A

medulla oblongata to the tail

34
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

short term memories

35
Q

What happened to Henry when they removed his hippocampus as treatment to get rid of his seizures?

A

-seizures stopped
-destroyed short term memory
-long term memory was intact

36
Q

How did someone getting a pole stuck in their head help scientists understand what regions of the brain controlled emotions?

A

he was still able to walk and talk, but the man was very emotional and erratic. where he got the pole would tell them where this happened

37
Q

For what reason does the CNS work in conjuction with the nerves?

A

communication for back and forth with the rest of the body

38
Q

How can the PNS be divided?

A

afferent and efferent

39
Q

What is afferent info?

A

signals that go to the CNS

40
Q

What is efferent info?

A

signals from the CNS to the body

41
Q

what is the motor system?

A

motor neurons that control skeletal muscles

42
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

our autopilot

43
Q

How can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

44
Q

What are sympathetic and parasympathetic important for?

A

controlling gland and heart rate types of controls

45
Q

What is the third part of the autonomic system and what is it?

A

-enteric system
-cross section through your intestine with the mucosa coated with the epithelial cells that do the abosorption
-layers of muslces
-different layers of neuron networks

46
Q

What is parasympathetic?

A

it is about resting and digesting

47
Q

What is sympathetic about?

A

how you respond to stresses

48
Q

How do parasympathetic and sympathetic work with each other?

A

in antagonism with. each other.

49
Q

What is an example of parasympathetic and sympathetic working with each other?

A

-heart is being slowed by the vagus nerve’s release of acetylcholine
-other neurons can release epinephrine to make the heart beat faster
-for every function you see, there is one parasympathetic thing that opposes the sympathetic thign

50
Q

What is pattern generation?

A

how your nervous system controls complex activities by triggering neurons to fire in a particular pattern, with one event leading to another in a cascade of activity

51
Q

What are pacemaker neurons and what do they initiate?

A

neurons basically firing on a regular bases, and initiate a repetitive event

52
Q

What are locomotor modules and how are they regulated?

A

tight coordination of many muscles in the body, and are regulated to enable the pattern to go slower or faster as needed.

53
Q

How is respiration regulated?

A

a central pattern generator controls how the muscles move air in and our of the lungs. these same muscles control how deep or fast you breathre, vomit, hold breath, gasp, whistle, etc.

central pattern generator telling what to do under basal conditions, but flexile enough that it can modify the different combinations of muscles that are being used as needed.

54
Q

Describe walking in terms of its connection with neuronal events in a central pattern generator.

A
  • sensory event inspires use to decide what we want to do
    -sends a signal to diff region of the brain to start the CPG that controls walking
    -if you were walking and stepped on a rock, that affects your balance
    -this triggers a reflex, that fires other muscles to recover balance
    -there’s sensory feedback that recognizes what the muscles are doing
    -all that info all gets sent to the brain for processing
    -thalamus synthesizes this info and works with the cerebellum to control motor output
55
Q

What does CPG stand for?

A

central pattern generators

56
Q

Why is Aplaysi studied? Describe the process.

A

-behaviours are very simple
-sticks a siphon out to get food
-each researcher can insert an electrode to monitor electrical activity that controls things like extending or withdrawing the siphon

57
Q

How can we improve neurons communicating with each other?

A

need to have better capability of modifying those relationships

58
Q

What is synaptic remodelling?

A

changing the molecular properties of the neurons to do what you want them to do

59
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

process of changing how neurons communicate

60
Q

What does the phrase “use it or lose it mean”?

A

-if you’re routinely using a pathway of neurons they will change themselves to work better
-extend their dendrites to try and make more connections
-this improves the fidelity of the transfer of into

61
Q

What happens when you use a synapse frequently?

A

-if you use a synapse frequently, they can get stronger, deliver more neurotransmitters in response to stimulation

BIOL 103 (12 decks)

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