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BSCI 3101 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

the master of controlling and communicating system of body via electrical and chemical signals

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2
Q

Two principal parts of nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

Central Nervous System

A

-brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity
-integration and control center

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-portion of nervous system outside CNS
-mainly nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord (spinal nerves and cranial nerves)

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5
Q

How many cranial and spinal nerves are in the PNS?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

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6
Q

afferent

A

sensory fibers, receive stimuli from the body or the outside environment and transmit impulses to the CNS

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7
Q

efferent

A

motor fibers, receive stimuli from other neurons and transmit impulses to effector organs (muscles and glands)

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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

involved in voluntary control of skeletal muscle and involuntary reflex arcs

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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

unconsciously regulates the function of internal organs and other involuntary functions (sweating, flushing, goosebumps)

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10
Q

What cells do nervous tissue consist of?

A

neuroglia and neurons

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11
Q

neuroglia

A

glial cells; small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

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12
Q

neurons

A

-nerve cells; excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
-structural units of nervous system
-large, highly specialized
-ALL have. cell body and one or more processes

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13
Q

What are the most abundant CNS neuroglia?

A

astrocytes

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14
Q

Oligodendrocytes…

A

have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

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15
Q

What are the two major neuroglia in PNS?

A

satellite and Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

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16
Q

satellite cells

A

-surround neuron cell bodies in PNS
-function similar to astrocytes of CNS

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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

-surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
-similar function as oligodendrocytes
-VITAL to regenerations of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

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18
Q

What are the special characteristics of neurons?

A

-extreme longevity
-amitotic w/ few exceptions
-high metabolic rate (requires continuous supply of oxygen and glucose

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19
Q

Neuron cell body

A

-biosynthetic center of neuron (synthesizes proteins, membranes, chemicals; Rough ER)
-contains spherical nucleus w/ nucleolus

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20
Q

Where are neurons mostly located?

A

In the CNS

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21
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS

22
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS

23
Q

What are neuron processes?

A

armlike processes that extend from cell body
-CNS: both neuron cell bodies and their processes
-PNS: chiefly neuron processes

24
Q

What are the two types of neuron processes?

A

-dendrites
-axon

25
Q

Dendrites

A

-motor neurons can contain 100s of these short, tapering, diffusely branched processes
-receptive region of neuron
-convey incoming messages toward cell body as graded potentials (short distance signals)
-FINER dendrites > highly specialized to collect info
-contain dendritic spines: appendages w/ bulbous or spiky ends

26
Q

The axon: structure

A

-each neuron has ONE axon > starts at axon hillock
-can be short, long, or absent
-branch profusely at their end
-distal endings = axon terminals or terminal boutons

27
Q

The axon: functional characteristics

A

-conducting region of neuron
-generates nerve impulses and transmits them along AXOLEMMA (neuron cell membrane) to AXON TERMINAL (region that secretes neurotransmitters)
-communicates w/ diff neurons at same time
-axons rely on cell bodies to renew proteins and membranes
-quickly delay if cut or damaged
-molecules and organelles > moved by motor proteins and cytoskeletal elements
-movement occurs in both directions: anterograde and retrograde

28
Q

Anterograde axon movement

A

-away from cell body
-Ex: mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements, membrane components, enzymes

29
Q

Retrograde axon movement

A

-toward cell body
-Ex: organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, viruses, and bacterial toxins

30
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Composed of myelin (whitish, protein-lipid substance) that protects and electrically insulates axon and increases speed of nerve impulse transmission

31
Q

Myelinated fibers

A

Segmented sheath surrounds most long or large-dm axons

32
Q

Nonmyelinated fibers

A

Do not contain sheath so impulses are conducted more slowly

33
Q

Myelination in the PNS (steps)

A
  1. A Schwann cell envelops an axon
  2. Schwann cell rotates around axon (jelly roll fashion), wrapping its plasma membrane loosely around it in successive layers > one cell forms one segment of myelin sheath
  3. Schwann cell cytoplasm is forced from between the membranes. The tight membrane wrappings surrounding the axon for the myelin sheath.
    -LESS protein in plasma membrane so good electrical insulators
34
Q

Myelin sheath gaps

A

-gaps between adjacent Schwann cells
-sites where axon collaterals can emerge

35
Q

Myelin sheaths in CNS

A

-Formed by processes of oligodendrocytes, not whole cells
-Each cell can wrap up to 60 axons at once
-myelin sheath gap = PRESENT
-No outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm
-thinnest fibers = unmyelinated but covered by long extensions of adjacent neuroglia

36
Q

White Matter

A

Regions of brain and spinal cord w/ dense collections of myelinated fibers

37
Q

Gray Matter

A

Mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

38
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Unipolar
39
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

-Three or more processes (1 axon, others dendrites)
-MOST common and major neuron type in CNS

40
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

-2 processes (one axon, one dendrite)
-RARE: retina and olfactory mucosa

41
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

-1 T-like process (2 axons)
-pseudounipolar
-peripheral process: associated w/ sensory receptor
-proximal process: enters CNS

42
Q

Functional Classification of Neurons

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor
  3. Interneurons
43
Q

Sensory neurons

A

-transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS
-almost ALL are unipolar
-cell bodies are located in ganglia in PNS

44
Q

Motor neurons

A

-carry impulses from CNS to effectors
-multipolar
-most cell bodies are located in CNS

45
Q

Interneurons

A

-aka association neurons
-lie btwn motor and sensory neurons
-shuttle signals through CNS pathways
-most are entirely within CNS
-99% of body’s neurons are interneurons

46
Q

voltage

A

a measure of potential energy generated by separated charge

47
Q

Current

A

flow of electrical charge (ions) between two points

48
Q

resistance

A

hindrance to charge flow

49
Q

Ohm’s law

A

gives relationship of voltage, current, resistance
current (I) = voltage (V)/resistance (R)

50
Q

Leakage (nongated) channels

A

channels that are always open

51
Q

Gated channels

A

Protein changes shape to open/close the channel
1. chemically (ligand) gated
2. voltage gated
3. mechanically gated

52
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

BSCI 3101 (3 decks)

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