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Applied and Pathophysiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

somatic motor division

A

provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles

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2
Q

autonomic motor division

A

controls visceral functions largely outside of our awareness

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3
Q

motor cortical homunculus

A

map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body

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4
Q

upper motor neurons

A

originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the brainstem, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

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5
Q

lower motor neurons

A

anterior grey horn cells that begin in the spinal cord and innervates muscles and glands

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6
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron

fast response

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7
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron

slower response

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8
Q

cutaneous sense

A

general sense

skin

touch, temperature, pain

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9
Q

deep sense

A

general sense

muscle, tendons, joints

pain, pressure, movement, proprioception

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10
Q

visceral sense

A

general sense

internal organs

homeostasis, respiration

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11
Q

special senses

A

visual
hearing
equilibrium
smell
taste

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12
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch and pressure

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13
Q

nociceptors

A

pain and extreme heat/cold

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14
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature changes

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15
Q

chemoreceptors

A

change in chemical composition

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16
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cone in retina

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17
Q

proprioceptors

A

position of body in space at a given time

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18
Q

myelinated (L) A fibers

A

alpha and beta

impulses from mechanical stimuli

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19
Q

myelinated (S) A fibers

A

delta

impulses from cold receptors, nociceptors, and mechanoreceptors

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20
Q

unmyelinated (S) C fibers

A

pain, temperature, mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

somatotopic organization

A

fibers from different sections of the spinal cord are somatotopically organized in the dorsal column

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22
Q

sacral cord fibers

A

medially positioned

neurons from the foot

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23
Q

cervical fibers

A

laterally positioned

neurons from the fingers

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24
Q

chronic inflammatory demeylination

A

inflammatory demyelinating lesions (plaques) in the white matter of the CNS

25
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

autoimmune disease affecting the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves

targets oligodendrocytes that myelinate the cells of the CNS

26
Q

fracture dislocation

A

loose bone stuck in dislocated bones

27
Q

burst fracture

A

vertebral body compression

28
Q

ruptured disc

A

protruding disc can pinch spinal nerves

29
Q

ligamentous injuries

A

ligaments not aligned

30
Q

spinal cord lacerations

A

tear within the spinal cord

31
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

responsible for homeostasis

regulates body temp, fluid and electrolyte balance, and blood pressure

32
Q

sympathetic division

A

prevails during stress

33
Q

parasympathetic division

A

prevails during rest

34
Q

direct antagonists and agonists

A

bind target receptor to block/mimic neurotransmitter action

35
Q

indirect antagonists and agonists

A

alter secretion, reuptake and degradation of neurotransmitters

36
Q

intracranial pressure (ICP)

A

pressure in the skull results in pressure gradients between compartments and a shift of brain structures

37
Q

Cushing’s triad

A

bradycardia
shallow breathing
hypertension

due to decreased cerebral blood flow

38
Q

intracranial hypertension

A

sustained intracranial pressure above 15mmHg

39
Q

stroke

A

focal neurological deficit due to abnormality in cerebral circulation in the brain, retina, or spinal cord

40
Q

ischemic stroke

A

thrombotic occlusion and embolism

neurological dysfunction

41
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

arterial aneurysm

42
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

burst vessel
brain tissue death
swelling and pressure in brain

43
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

bleeding in the subarachnoid space

44
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

temporary neurological dysfunction caused by ischemia without acute infarction

45
Q

pain

A

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience

46
Q

nociception

A

unconscious activity induced by harmful stimulus applied to a sense receptor

47
Q

thinly myelinated A delta fibers

A

fast pain

sharp, localized sensation

terminate on L1 and L5

release glutamate

48
Q

unmyelinated C fibers

A

slow pain

dull, intense and unpleasant

terminate on L1 and L3

release substance P

49
Q

cold menthol-sensitive receptor 1 (CMR1)

A

respond to cold

50
Q

vanilloid receptors (VR1 and VRL1)

A

respond to heat

51
Q

acute pain

A

physiological sudden onset

recedes during healing

important protective mechanism

52
Q

chronic pain

A

pathologic neuropathic pain caused by chronic progressive nerve disease

nerve injury, toxin induced nerve damage, ischemia

hyperalgesia and allodynia

53
Q

hyperalgesia

A

exaggerated response to noxious stimuli

increases sensitivity of nociceptive afferent fibers

54
Q

allodynia

A

pain sensation in response to innocuous stimulus

increases sensitivity of nociceptive afferent fibers

55
Q

deep pain

A

experienced in deep, non-superficial structures

slow due to alpha delta fiber deficiency

poorly localized

joints and ligaments

reflex contraction could lead to ischemia which stimulates pain receptors to initiate spasms

56
Q

visceral pain

A

poorly localized and unpleasant

radiates and is referred to other areas due to sparse nociceptors

severe pain

57
Q

referred pain/dermatomal rule

A

referred to a structure that developed from the same embryonic segment or dermatome as the structure where the pain originates

58
Q

convergence-projection theory

A

pain that is referred when somatic and visceral pain converge onto the same second-order neuron in the dorsal horn and project to the thalamus and further to the somatosensory cortex

59
Q

phantom pain

A

associated with the removal of a limb or absence of a body part

cortical region of the neighboring digit takes the place of the amputated digit (cortical plasticity)

Applied and Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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