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ANAPHY P2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The communication system

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

Receive signals from and sending commands to different arras of the body

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

Major functions of Nervous System

A
  1. Receiving sensory input
  2. Integrating information
  3. Controlling muscle and glands
  4. Maintaining homeotstasis
  5. Establishing and maintaining mental activity
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4
Q

Can sitmulate or inhibit the activities of other systems to help main a constant internal environment

A

Nervous system

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5
Q

Two major division of nervous system

A

CNS
PNS

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6
Q

Contains the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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7
Q

Consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS (nerves and ganglia)

A

PNS

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8
Q

Also called as the “Afferent Division”

A

Sensory Division

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9
Q

Conducts action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory Division/ Afferent Division

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10
Q

Neurons that transmits action potentials from the periphery to CNS

A

Sensory neurons

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11
Q

Also called as “Efferent division”

A

Motor division

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12
Q

Afferent means

A

Towards

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13
Q

Efferent means

A

Away

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14
Q

Neurons that transmits action potential from the periphery to the cns

A

Sensory neurons

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15
Q

Neurons that transmit action potential from the cns to periphery

A

Motor Neurons

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16
Q

Effectors controlled by the motor division

A

Muscle tissue and glands

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17
Q

Transport action potential from the CNS to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

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18
Q

Transport action potential from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

Unique subdivision of PNS that has both sensory and motor

A

Enteric Nervous System

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20
Q

It is also called as nerve cells

A

Neurons

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21
Q

Receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neuron or effector organs

A

Nuerons / nerve cells

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22
Q

Three parts of neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

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23
Q

Contains one nucleus and processes stimulus

A

Cell body

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24
Q

Extension of the neuron cell body; receive stimulus

A

Dendrites

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25
Q

Branching cytoplasmic extensions

A

Dendrites

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26
Q

Single long cell process; transmit stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other neuron

A

Axon

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27
Q

The area where the axon leaves the neuron cell body

A

Axon Hillock

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28
Q

Branches of axons

A

Collateral axons

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29
Q

Highly specialised insulating layer of cells

A

Myelin sheath

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30
Q

The types of neurons

A

Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Pseudo-unipolar neurons

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31
Q

Have many dendrites and one axon

A

Multipolar Neuron

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32
Q

Have 2 processes: 1 dendrite and 1 axon

A

Bipolar Neuron

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33
Q

a single process that divides into 2 processes

A

Pseudo-unipolar Neuron

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34
Q

Supportive cells of cns and pns

A

Glial Cells / Neuroglia

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35
Q

Do not conduct any action potentials; enhance neuron function

A

Glial Cells / Neuroglia

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36
Q

Fatty, protecting wrapping around axons that are formed by PNS and CNS

A

Myelin Sheaths

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37
Q

What is OLIGODENDROCYTES

A

CNS

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38
Q

SCHWANN CELLS

A

PNS

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39
Q

Fight or flight system

A

Sympathetic

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40
Q

Resting and digesting system

A

Parasympathetic

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41
Q

Major supporting cells in the CNS

A

Astrocytes

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42
Q

Can stimulate or inhibit the signaling activity of nearby neurons

A

Astrocytes

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43
Q

Astrocytes participate with the blood vessel endothelium TO FORM A PERMEABILITY BARRIER

A

Blood brain barrier

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44
Q

Help limit damage to neural tissue

A

Astrocytes

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45
Q

Produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

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46
Q

Act as immune cells of CNS

A

Microglia

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47
Q

Provides insulating material that surrounds axon

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

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48
Q

Axons with myelin sheaths are called

A

Myelinated Axon

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49
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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50
Q

Communication among neurons

A

Neural signaling

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51
Q

Action potentials are conducted SLOWLY because in travel along the entire axon

A

Unmyelinated Axon

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52
Q

Action potentials are conducted RAPIDLY by salutatory conduction

A

Myelinating Axons

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53
Q

Groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites, where there is a little myelin

A

Gray Matter

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54
Q

Bundles parallel of axon with their myelin sheath, which are whitish color

A

White Matter

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55
Q

Gray matter on the surface of the brain

A

Cortex

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56
Q

A cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS

A

Ganglion

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57
Q

Found on the CNS which propagate action potential from one area of the cns to another

A

Nerve Tracts / Conduction Pathways

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58
Q

Bundles of axons located in the PNS

A

Nerves

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59
Q

A type of neuron found in special sense organs, such as eye and nose

A

Bipolar Neuron

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60
Q

Single cells surrounding axons

A

Schwann cells

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61
Q

Uneven distribution of charge

A

Polarized cell membrane

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62
Q

Appears to have an axon and no dendrites

A

Pseudo-unipolar neuron

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63
Q

Unstimulated cell, the uneven charge distribution

A

Resting membrane potential

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64
Q

Greater permeability of the cell membrane to K+ than to Na+

A

True

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65
Q

Two basic type of ion channels

A

Leak channels
Gated channels

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66
Q

A channel that is always open

A

Leak channel

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67
Q

The resting membrane potential is established when the movement of K+ out of the cell is EQUAL to the movement of K+ into the cell

A

True

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68
Q

Opened by neurotransmitters or other chemicals

A

Chemically gated channels

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69
Q

Opened by a change in membrane potential

A

Voltage gated channels

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70
Q

The inward movement of Na+ makes the inside movement of Na+ makes the inside of the membrane POSITIVE

A

Depolarization

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71
Q

Constitution of depolarization and repolarization

A

Action Potential

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72
Q

Most often reached at axon hillock

A

Threshold

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73
Q

The charge on cell membrane briefly becomes MORE NEGATIVE than the resting membrane potential

A

Hyperpolarization

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74
Q

Occurs in unmyelinated axons

A

Continuous conduction

75
Q

Occurs in myelinated axons

A

Saltatory Conduction

76
Q

A junction where axon of one neuron interacts with another

A

Synapse

77
Q

Three major components of synapse

A

Presynaptic Terminal
Postsynaptic Membrane
Synaptic cleft

78
Q

End of the axon; has synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters

A

Presynaptic terminal

79
Q

Membrane of the dendrite or effector cell

A

Postsynaptic membrane

80
Q

Space separating the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic cleft

81
Q

What is stored in synaptic vesicles?

A

Neurotransmitters

82
Q

The chemical messengers

A

Neurotransmitters

83
Q

The inside of postsynaptic cells tends to become MORE NEGATIVE

A

Hyperpolarized

84
Q

Associated with the decrease in acetylcholine-secreting neurons

A

Alzheimer disease

85
Q

Increase the release and block the reuptake of norepinephrine

A

Coccaine and amphetamines

86
Q

It is involved in mood, anxiety, and sleep induction.

A

Serotonin

87
Q

Used to treat depression and anxiety disorders

A

Prozac

88
Q

Meaning of gaba

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

89
Q

Involuntary reactions in response to a stimulus

A

Relfexes

90
Q

Allow a person to react to stimuli more quickly

A

Reflexes

91
Q

The neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs

A

Reflex arc

92
Q

Basic functional unit of nervous system

A

Reflex arc

93
Q

Five basic components of reflex arc

A

Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Effector organ

94
Q

Pick up the stimulus

A

Sensory receptor

95
Q

Afferent: send stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord

A

Sensory Neurons

96
Q

Efferent; send response to effector

A

Motor neuron

97
Q

What are the effector organ?

A

Muscle tissue and glands

98
Q

Two types of neuronal pathways

A

Converging pathway
Diverging pathway

99
Q

Two or more neuron synapse with same neuron

A

Converging pathway

100
Q

The axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one neuron

A

Diverging pathway

101
Q

Allows the integration of multiple subthreshold local potentials

A

Summation

102
Q

Extends from the foramen magnum to the 2nd lumbar vertebra

A

Spinal cord

103
Q

Inferior end of the spinal cord that resembles a horse’s tail

A

Cauda equina

104
Q

At the center of spinal cord that is shwped like LETTER H OR BUTTERFLY

A

Gray Matter

105
Q

Dorsal?

A

Posterior

106
Q

Ventral?

A

Anterior

107
Q

Fluid filled space in the center of the cord

A

Central canal

108
Q

Conduct action potentials toward the brain

A

Ascending tracts

109
Q

Conduct action potentials away the brain

A

Descending tracts

110
Q

Simplest reflex

A

Stretch flex

110
Q

Simplest reflex

A

Stretch flex

111
Q

Called the patellar flex

A

Knee-jerk reflex

112
Q

Stretching of the quadriceps femoris muscle

A

Knee-jerk reflex

113
Q

Called the flexor reflex

A

Withdrawal reflex

114
Q

Contains pain receptors as its sensory receptors, if stimulated, reflex occurs

A

Withdrawal reflex

115
Q

The function is to remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus

A

Withdrawal reflex

116
Q

The function is to measure the posture maintenance and coordination of muscle activity

A

Knee-jerk reflex

117
Q

Spinal cords from union of dorsal and ventral roots

A

Spinal nerves

118
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

119
Q

Area of skin applied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves

A

Dermatome

120
Q

Neurons of spinal nerves come together and intermingle

A

Plexus

121
Q

3 major plexus

A

Cervical Plexus
Brachial Plexus
Lumbosacral Plexus

122
Q

Spinal nerves T2 through T11 do not join a plexus

A

True

123
Q

A plexus: muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx

A

Coccygeal plexus

124
Q

Innervates the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

125
Q

The ulnar nerve at this location is called

A

Funny bone

126
Q

Major regions of the brain

A

Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum

127
Q

Connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain

A

Brainstem

128
Q

What contains the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

129
Q

The brainstem controls the heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

A

True

130
Q

What cranial nerves located in the brainstem?

A

The first two cranial nerves

131
Q

Most inferior portion of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord

A

Medulla Oblongata

132
Q

Contains the ascending and descending nerve tracts

A

Medulla oblongata

133
Q

How many pounds is the brain?

A

3 pounds

134
Q

Soft, wrinkled mass of tissue that is highly complex and adaptive

A

Brain

135
Q

What part of brainstem has important reflex actions like vomiting, sneezing, coughing, and swallowing

A

Medulla oblongata

136
Q

Two prominent enlargement at uppermost part (anterior)

A

Pyramids

137
Q

A large tumor; a mass of blood that occurs as the result of bleeding into the tissue

A

Hematoma

138
Q

Superior to medulla oblongata

A

Pons

139
Q

Relay information/ functional bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum; arched footbridge

A

Pons

140
Q

Superior to the pons

A

Midbrain

141
Q

The smallest region of the brainstem

A

Midbrain

142
Q

The 4 mounds is called

A

Colliculi

143
Q

2 mounds; involved in visual reflexes and receive touch and auditory input

A

Superior colliculi

144
Q

Major relay centers for auditory nerve pathways in CNS

A

Inferior Colliculi

145
Q

Major relay centers for auditory nerve pathways in cns

A

Inferior colliculi

146
Q

The black nuclear mass in the midbrain that is involved in regulating body movements

A

Substantia Nigra

147
Q

This midbrain contains nuclei involved in coordinating eye movements and controlling pupil diameter and lens shape

A

Midbrain

148
Q

A group of nuclei scaterred throughout the brainstem

A

Reticular formation

149
Q

Its function is to regulates cyclical motor function (respiration,walking,chewing)

A

Reticulqr formation

150
Q

Plays an important role in arousing and maintaining consciousness; in regulating sleep-wake cycle

A

Reticular activating system

151
Q

Attached to brainstem

A

Cerebellum

152
Q

Several large connections attached to brainstem

A

Cerebullar peduncles

153
Q

Known as the LITTLE BRAIN

A

Cerebellum

154
Q

Second largest part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

155
Q

Responsible for coordination of movement

A

Cerebellum

156
Q

Provide info about the position of the body parts

A

Proprioceptive neurons

157
Q

Largest and most prominent part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

158
Q

Part of the brain between brainstem and cerebrum

A

Diencephalon

159
Q

Main components of diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

160
Q

Largest part of diencephalon

A

Thalamus

161
Q

Consist of cluster of nuclei shaped like yo-yo

A

Thalamus

162
Q

Centrally connect the two large, lateral parts

A

Interthalamic adhesion

163
Q

This part of the brain influences the mood and registers an inlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain

A

Thalamus

164
Q

Small area superior and posterior to thalamus

A
165
Q

Consist of small nuclei; involved in the emotional and visceral response to odors and phineal gland

A

Epithalamus

166
Q

An endocrine gland that influences the onset of puberty; role in controlling long term cycles

A

Pineal gland

167
Q

Most inferior part of diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus

168
Q

Plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis, control of body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual oleasures, rage, fear, relaxation after meal, contril secretion in pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

169
Q

Contains several small nuclei

A

Hypothalamus

170
Q

Funnel shaped stalk that controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland

A

Infundibilum

171
Q

Visible swelling; involved in emotional responses to odors and in memory

A

Mammillary bodies

172
Q

Largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

173
Q

The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemisphere by a ____

A

Longitudinal fissure

174
Q

Numerous folds on cerebral cortex; increase the surface area of the cortext

A

Gyri

175
Q

Intervenning grooves

A

Sulci

176
Q

What are the type of lobes

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Insula / fifth lobe

177
Q

vital in control of voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood and olfactory

A

Frontal lobe

178
Q

Consciously perceive most sensory information such as touch, pain, temperature and balance

A

Parietal love

179
Q

Receivint and perceiving visual input

A

Occipital lobe

180
Q

Lobe involved in olfactory and auditory sensations; plays an important role in memor6

A

Temporal lobe

181
Q

Deep within lateral fissure; processes interoception

A

Insula/Fifth Lobe

182
Q

Surface of cerebrum that is composed of gray mater

A

Cerebeal cortex

183
Q

It separates the frontal and parietal lobes

A

Central sulcus

ANAPHY P2 (4 decks)

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