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Intro To Biology 101(Lecture) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the Nervous System?

A

Processes information and controls the body

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2
Q

What are the major organs within the NS?

A
  • Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System
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3
Q

What are the major cell types within the NS?

A

Neurons + Glia Cells

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4
Q

What are the important molecules within the NS?

A
  • ions, channels and pumps
  • neurotransmitters
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5
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Deals with the following:
* olfactory bulb (processes smell)
* motor cortex (plans and implements movement)
* Maintainingattention
* Speech(esp.left)
* Decision making
* Personality, socialization
* Risk assessment

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6
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Deals with the following:
* speech
* reading
* processingtouchsensations * processingbodyorientation

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7
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Deals with the following:
* processing vision

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8
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Deals with the following:
* processing/interpretingsound
* contains hippocampus, which is involved in memory formation

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9
Q

Hemispheres (Right+Left)

A

Deals with the following:
* right and left are mostly redundant
* each see and control opposite side of body

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10
Q

Corpus Callosum (Split-brain)

A

Deals with the following:
* bundle of neurons connecting left and right hemispheres of cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • movement control
  • posture
  • motivation
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12
Q

Thalamus

A
  • receives sensory/motor input
  • receives feedback from cortex
  • regulates consciousness/sleep
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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • controls endocrine system
  • circadian rhythm (sleep cycles)
  • ‘thermostat’ that regulates
  • hunger * thirst
  • body temperature
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14
Q

Limbic System

A

several connected structures
* regulates emotion, fear, motivation
* amygdala- fear
* cingulate gyrus- emotions, pain (part of cerebral cortex)

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15
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • controls balance
  • coordinates movement
  • involved in learning motor tasks
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16
Q

Brainstem

A
  • connects brain to spinal cord
  • controls some unconscious movement (breathing, heart beat, etc.)
17
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • connects to brain stem
  • “information highway” between the body and the brain
  • controls motor reflexes
  • contained within the bones of the spinal column (bones protect)
  • openings allow connections to spinal nerves (PNS)
  • spinal nerves lower in spine correspond to lower body functio
18
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Connects to the CNS via cranial nerves and spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves send sensory information to the CNS and motor signals to the body
  • e.g. optic nerve sends signals from eyes to brain
  • e.g. oculomotor nerve sends signals from brain to eyelids
  • spinal nerves transmit sensory and motor information (sensory- somatic NS) and information to body systems without conscious control (e.g. heart; autonomic NS)* unconscious control may promote
  • an excited/surprised state
    (sympathetic- ‘fight or flight’)
  • a relaxed/resting state (parasympathetic- ‘rest and digest’)
19
Q

Neuron Structure

A
20
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

contains normal cell structures

21
Q

Dendrites

A

tree-like extensions of the cell that receive signals from
other neurons

22
Q

Axon

A

tube that carries electrical signals away from the cell body

23
Q

Synapse

A

junction where two neurons meet and pass signal
* some cells in the cerebral cortex may synapse with 200,000 other neurons!

24
Q

Neuron Functions

A

neurons send electrical signals in the form of action potentials

25
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
  • neurons have a charged membrane- a voltage
    difference inside vs. outside the cell
26
Q

Action Potential

A
  • when sending an electrical signal, the charge is reversed
27
Q

At the cellular level, how does a neuron receive a signal?

How does it ‘know’ it should transmit an electrical signal?

A

Neurons receive signals through dendrites

28
Q

What part of a neuron sends the electrical signal?

A

Axon

29
Q

At the cellular level, how is the electrical signal sent?

A
30
Q

Glia Cells

A
  • support neurons
  • astrocytes (CNS) and satellite glia (PNS) provide nutrients and support to neurons
  • oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS) insulate the axons of neurons
  • other glia produce cerebrospinal fluid, remove dead cells/invading microorganisms, help developing neurons find their destination, etc.
31
Q

Glia Cells Role as insulators

A
  • role as insulators
  • oligodendrocyts and Schwann cells wrap the axons of some neurons in myelin (the myelin sheath)
  • myelin contains fats and proteins that insulate the neuron and allow the electrical signal to travel long distances (up to 1m!)
  • spaces in the myelin sheath (nodes of Ranvier) allow the action potential to be recharged
32
Q

Action Potential

A
  • an electric current is the flow of charged particles
  • in a neuron, those charged particles are ions
  • an electric current is the flow of charged particles
  • at rest, the inside of the neuron carries a net negative charge*
    -also at rest, there is a high concentration of sodium ions outside the cell and a high concentration of potassium ions inside the cell
  • the membrane surrounding the cell has several key features: * the membrane itself blocks ions from going through
  • a protein pump constantly moves sodium out of the cell and potassium in
  • protein channels specifically allow sodium or potassium to pass when open
  • both channels are voltage gated- they open only when a specific membrane potential (voltage) is reached
33
Q

Synapse

A
  • synapses are where signals pass from one neuron to another
  • some neurons are physically linked and action potentials can pass directly
  • more commonly, a small gap exists between neurons
  • the electrical signal triggers a chemical signal to pass to the next neuron
  • chemical synapses rely on a few specialized structures * voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  • vesicles are cellular structures that hold things
  • neurotransmitters are molecules (chemicals)
  • ligand-gated ion channels open when a ligand binds
  • ligand is a general term for a molecule that binds to another molecule
  • these channels open when a ligand (in this case, a neurotransmitter) binds * theyallowions(e.g.Na+,Cl-)toflowthrough
34
Q

What is the difference between a ligand-gated ion channel and a voltage-gated ion channel?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels open when a chemical ligand such as a neurotransmitter binds to the protein.

Voltage channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

Intro To Biology 101(Lecture) (3 decks)

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