Body Systems Flashcards
Digestive Systems

- Breaks down, absorbs food, and removes waste
- Used to specialize their dietary needs
-Function of Digestive system = Everything that you are eating is made up of cells, and within those cells are made up of complex molecules.
Nervous System
- Processes information and controls the body
- Made up of glia (Gle-al) cells and neurons which are specialized that are capable of sending electrical and chemical signals
- Includes the Central Nervous System (CNS) (Brain + Spinal Cord) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ( Autonomic and sensory-somatic, providing the unconscious control over visceral functions)
Central Nervous System (CNS) = Brain and spinal cord connected with meninges, Bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; produced by glia), Brain sends signal down the spinal cord to peripheral nerves
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) = Nerves, Nerves send signals to muscles to contract
Sensory System
- Detects Information
- A sensory activation occurs when a physical or chemical stimulus is processed into a neural signal (sensory transduction) by a sensory receptor
- Humans have special senses = Olfaction, Gustation, Equilibrium (Homeostasis), and Hearing
- Primary tastes in humans = Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty, and Umami
Endocrine System
- Controls body via chemical signals
- 3 basic types of hormones: Lipid-derived, amino acid- derived, and peptide
- Hormones = Cause cellular changes
Some organs process endocrine activity as a secondary function
Musculoskeletal System
- Primary function is for support and movement
-Bones provide structure for muscles to pull against mineral salts make the bones hard
- Joints = hinges to allow your body to move or not move
- cartilage = provides cushioning
- Muscle = function is to pull (contract)
-Actin & Myosin = Myosin walks across the actin pathways which cause the muscles to contract
-More easy motion for the joint = Synovial Fluid
Movement (Musculoskeletal System)
- When muscles contract, they pull the none they are attached to in one direction
- To move the bone back, it must be pulled by another muscle (the antagonistic muscle
- A muscle cant push they can only pull
- Both bones and muscles ( and joints, tendons, ligaments, etc.), are important for movement
-Systems = Living organism are interconnected and interacting
Muscles (Musculoskeletal System)
- Muscles = A type of tissue (A collection of cells) that can contract (get shorter)
-Muscleshave specialize proteins called actin actin (Blue in diagram) and myosin (red in diagram)
-Actin + Myosin = type of proteins
-When muscles contract, myosin proteins “Walk” along actin filaments, pulling the actin bundles togetherand shortening the muscle
-Myosin = feet
-Actin= Walk waves
Joints (Musculoskeletal System)
-Joints = The point at which two or more bones meet
-Some joints can’t move much (Suture joints) (Ex. Skull) = These are often joined or cartilage (padding) and have very little space between the bones
-Some joints can move
-The shape of joints often determines what direction they can move
-Joints that move a lot have fluid-filled space between the bones
-The fluid lubricates the joint like oil on a hinge
-Joints that have synovial fluid helps the bones slip past each other so that they can move easier
Bones (Musculoskeletal System)
- Bones = Mineral salts (secreted by cells) containing calcium making bones hard
-Outer layer of bone is compact and hard due to mineral salts, Provides support to the body and protection for internal organs
-Works with muscles (etc.) You can only move if you have bones and muscles, allows movements
-Body systems = Structure and function (Core concepts)
-Structures = are the parts of something
-Functions = are the things they do
Respiratory System
- Gas Exchange ( Oxygen = going in, CO2 = Going Out)
-Main organ within the system = Lungs
-Tubes ( Trachea & Bronchi) that transport air into and out of the lungs
-Alveoli = Tiny sacks that get filled with air from the bronchioles, this allows gas exchange with the blood to get to tissues
-What is important of the structure of alveoli for gas exchange = One cell thick, close contact with the capillaries
Circulatory System
- Transports nutrients and Waste
- Responsible for transporting things throughout the body
- Every single cell in your body needs the same basic things such oxygen, energy, nutrients, waste removal, etc.
- Hormones also travel through the blood
- All body systems need access to the protection of the immune system
-Red blood cells = main cell types associated with the circulatory system
Red blood cells = responsible for carrying oxygen, inside it contains the molecule that is
good with binding to oxygen
- -Major component of blood = Plasma (Important for the function of blood)
- Plasma = Contains a lot of the nutrients and chemicals that maintain pH and salt balance
Blood is carried through blood vessels - Away from the heart = Arteries
- Towards the heart/coming back = Veins
- Connected between the arteries and veins are capillaries
- Capillaries = Make sure that every cell in the body gets blood to it, They are so thin, that allow a single blood cell to pass through them at a time, this brings everything closer together, which makes it easier for exchange
-The heart = the pump that allows the blood to flow through the vessels
- Heart = Major organ that pumps
Excretory System
- Functions Water & Solute Balance + Waste Removal (Focused on urine removal not feces)
-Produces urine
-Your blood needs a constant level of salt balance
-If concentration of salt in the body is wrong, water will get sucked down into your cells
-Too much salt = causes a lot of water to go into the cells, causing them to eventually pop
Cells can be harmed by byproducts that they produce
- Kidneys = Main organ
-Kidneys act as a filter for the blood to get out excess salt or keep necessary salt, as well as keep out urea
Immune System
- Defense against pathogens
- Saves as a first responder to the pathogenic threats that bypass natural, Physical, and Chemical barriers of the body
Reproductive System
- Makes Babies
- Reproduction may be asexual when one individual produces genetically identical offspring, or sexual when the genetic material is firm two individuals is combined to produce genetically diverse offspring
