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biology-- respiration > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a stimulus

A

a change in environment

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2
Q

how can a stimulus be recognised

A

by a receptor

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3
Q

what happens if a receptor is stimulated

A

it may cause an effector (muscle/gland) to produce a response

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4
Q

how do you respond to the environment

A

with a co-ordinator

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5
Q

what does the co-ordinator do

A

links the receptors and effectors

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6
Q

what is the co-ordinator

A

usually the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what makes up the Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

what do neurones do and what are they

A

link the receptors and effectors to the co-ordinator

they are nerve cells

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9
Q

how do neurones carry information

A

in the form of small electrical charges called nerve impulses

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10
Q

name the three types of neurones

A

Sensory
relay
motor

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11
Q

what does sensory link with

A

receptor to cns

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12
Q

what does relay link with

A

within cns

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13
Q

what does motor link with

A

cns with effector

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14
Q

what is the reflex arc

A

short pathway through the spinal cord

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15
Q

what is the function of receptors in the reflex arc

A

detect stimulus and passes impulses to sensory neurone

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16
Q

describe reflex arc

A
  1. a sensor picks up stimulus
  2. impulse passed along sensory neurone from receptors in hand to spinal cord
  3. cell body of sensory neurone is on a short side branch in a swelling in dorsal root
  4. impulse-> grey matter passes over synapse
  5. passes then to a relay neurone
  6. passes to motor and leaves spinal cord through ventral root and continues into effector
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17
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical produced in one part of the body that exerts its effects elsewhere

18
Q

where is the hormone transported

A

bloodstream

19
Q

how is the hormone produced

A

by glands

20
Q

what is insulin

A

is the hormone that prevents blood glucose levels from becoming high

21
Q

what will too much glucose in the blood cause

A

water to leave cells

22
Q

where is insulin produced

A

pancreas

23
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

constantly monitors blood glucose concentration

24
Q

what is the target organ for insulin

A

liver

25
Q

how will insulin act to reduce blood sugar levels

A

1) converting glucose-> glycogen (stored in liver)
2) increasing uptake of glucose from blood to cells
3) increasing rate of respiration of body cells

26
Q

what does homeostasis mean

A

staying the same

27
Q

what does homeostasis do

A

keeps levels of certain things at constant level

28
Q

what are some of the things homeostasis must keep constant

A

1) concentration of salts
2} concentration of glucose
3) acidity of blood
4) body temp

29
Q

what is a negative feedback

A

basis of regulation and control

30
Q

what is an example of negative feedback

A

control of blood glucose

31
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

control of water and blood and other fluids

32
Q

how do you gain water

A

drinking
eating
cell respiration

33
Q

how do you lose water

A

sweat
urine
breath from lungs
faeces

34
Q

what system are kidneys part of

A

execratory

35
Q

what is the function of kidneys

A

remove waste and carry out osmoregulation

36
Q

how does a kidney work

A

blood passes to each kidney through renal artery
reaches cortex and much of liquid and solutions are dissolved
medulla region water and other substances are reabsorbed back into blood until normal.
excess water and dissolved substances pass into the urine, collects in renal pelvis and passes down uter into bladder

37
Q

what does an antidiuretic hormone do

A

control the reabsorption of water back into the blood by the kidneys

38
Q

how is adh produced

A

the brain monitors the blood water level and thats how adh is produced

39
Q

where does adh act

A

in the kidneys

40
Q

what causes more water to pass from urine back into blood

A

medulla adh

41
Q

is there more or less concentrated urine and how much

A

smaller amounts of more concentrated urine

42
Q

less water is reabsorbed from the blood which causes what

A

more urine produced

biology-- respiration (2 decks)

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