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biology 101 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the central nervous system-CNS consist of

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system-PNS consist of

A

the nerves leading to and from the CNS

e.g. spinal nerves

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3
Q

what does a typical nerve contain

A

sensory and motor neurons and ganglia

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4
Q

define neurons

A

neurons are nerve cells which are specialised to carry impulses

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5
Q

what is the function of sensory neurons

A

sensory neurons transmit impulses from sense organs toward the central nervous system

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6
Q

what is the function of interneurons

A

interneurons transmit impulses within the CNS from sensory and motor neurons

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7
Q

what is the function of motor neurons

A

motor neurons transmit impulses away from the CNS to muscle fibres and glands =effectors

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8
Q

define receptors

A

receptors are sensory cells that detects stimulus or a change in environment and generate impulses

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9
Q

define effectors

A

effectors are muscles or glands which are capable of producing a response

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10
Q

description and function of cell body

A
  • it contains nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and organelles such as mitochondria
  • function is it produces neurotransmitter chemicals such as dopamine
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11
Q

description and function of axon

A
  • elongated nerve fibre

- its function is to carry impulses away from the cell body

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12
Q

description and function of dendrites

A
  • branched nerve fibres generally

- its function is to receive and transmit impulses toward the cell body

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13
Q

description and function of myelinsheath

A
  • fatty membrane around the nerves

- both insulates and speeds up impulse transmission

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14
Q

function of schwan cell

A

-produces the myelin sheath

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15
Q

function of axon terminals

A
  • neurotransmitter swellings release chemicals called neurotransmitters e.g. dopamine
  • dopamine is stored in vesicles within the neurotransmitter swelling before being released
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16
Q

what is an impulse

A
  • an impulse is an electrical message

- flow of positive ions carried by a neuron

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17
Q

what does the transmission of a nerve impulse require

A
  • ions

- energy in the form of ATP

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of nerve impulses

A
  1. THE THRESHOLD OF SIMULATION
    - the threshold is the minimum level of stimulus needed for impulse transmission. below the threshold no impulse is generated.
    e. g. lukewarm water is below the threshold so no impulse is generated
  2. THE ALL OR NOTHING EFFECT
    - the impulse will travel the entire length or not at all: once started it cannot be stopped
  3. THE REFRACTORY PERIOD
    - the timespan after impulse transmission when stimulus fails to cause a response
  4. SPEED OF IMPULSE
    - impulses are faster when myelin sheath is present and when the diameter of the nerve fibre is greater
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19
Q

define synapse

A

the synapse is a region where two neurons come into close contact allowing impulses to pass from one neuron to another

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20
Q

what is a reflex action

A

is an automatic involuntary response to a stimulus

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21
Q

give examples of reflex actions

A
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • blinking
22
Q

suggest an advantage of reflex actions

A
  • fast response

- protection

23
Q

what is the function of meninges

A

protects the CNS

24
Q

how many layers are present in meninges

A

3 layers

25
Q

what is the synaptic cleft

A

-the synaptic cleft is a tiny gap between 2 neurons at the synapse

26
Q

draw diagram of the synapse

A

see diagram in the manual

27
Q

give an account on how neurotransmitters work

A
  • impulse arrives at neurotransmitter swelling
  • ions stimulate the vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and release neurotransmitter
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft chemically transmitting the impulse to the next neuron
  • neurotransmitter reacts with receptors
  • an impulse is therefore transmitted to the next neuron
  • following impulse transmission the neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes and reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron (where it is used to make new neurotransmitter)
28
Q

suggest a possible role of drugs in relation to the nervous system

A

a drug can inhibit or enhance the transmission of an impulse

29
Q

what are the main functions of the synapse

A
  • to transmit impulses from one neuron to another or to an effector
  • to control the direction of the impulse
  • to protect against over stimulation of effectors
  • impulses are prone to chemical alteration
30
Q

name a disorder of the nervous system and give a possible cause of the disorder and a means of treatment

A

cause: Parkinson’s disease
cause: lack of neurotransmitter chemical dopamine
treatment: drugs are given that mimic the action of dopamine

31
Q

differentiate between the cerebrum and the cerebellum

A
  • cerebrum is located in the forebrain

- cerebellum is located in the hindbrain

32
Q

what does grey matter consist of

A

-mostly cell bodies

33
Q

what does white matter consist of

A

mostly axons

34
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum

A
  • controls voluntary actions such as movement

- controls memory and learning

35
Q

what is the structure or the cerebellum

A

-it is second largest part of the brain and is highly folded

36
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

-controls balance and coordination

37
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do

A

-connects the brain to the spinal cord

38
Q

what is the structure of the medulla oblongata

A

-has clusters of nerve cells

39
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

-controls involuntary actions such as breathing and heartbeat

40
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

-below the thalamus and connected to the pituitary gland

41
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

-regulates homeostasis by monitoring osmoregulation, thermoregulation and blood pressure

42
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A
  • located below and attached to the hypothalamus

- not part of the brain itself

43
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland

A

secretes TSH

44
Q

TRUE or FALSE the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain

A

-TRUE

45
Q

what is the cerebrum composed of

A

> 2 hemispheres -right hemisphere and left hemisphere

  • right hemisphere controls the right side of the body and specialises in art, music, and emotional response
  • left hemisphere controls the left side of the body and specialises in hand use, analysis and logic
46
Q

what is the outer part of the cerebrum

A
  • the cerebral cortex

- is highly folded

47
Q

draw a labelled diagram of the interneuron

A

see diagram in manual

48
Q

draw a labelled diagram of a motor neuron

A

see diagram in manual

49
Q

draw a labelled diagram of the sensory neuron

A

see diagram in manual

50
Q

draw a labelled diagram of the brain

A

see diagram in manual

biology 101 (16 decks)

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