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biology 101 > musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

musculoskeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton

A 
support
protection
assists in movement
storage 
production of blood cells
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2
Q

what does support provide

A

rigid framework to hold body upright

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3
Q

examples of protection

A

cranium protects brain
vertebrae protects spinal cord
rib cage protects heart and lungs

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4
Q

how does the skeleton assists in movement

A

skeletal muscles provide the pulling forces to move bone which act as rigid levers

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5
Q

where does the production of blood cells occur

A

in the red marrow of long bones e.g. femur

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6
Q

what is stored in bone

A

yellow marrow stores fat and

minerals such as calcium are stored in bone

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7
Q

the axial skeleton consists of

A

skull
ribcage
vertebral column/spinal cord

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8
Q

skull consists of

A

consists of 22 fused bones

and also consists of the cranium and facial bones

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9
Q

vertebral column consists of

A

33 bones called vertebrae arranged into 5 different regions

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10
Q

what are the 5 different regions of the vertebral column and their numbers

A 
cervical 7
thoracic 12
lumbar 5
sacrum 5
coccyx 4
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11
Q

where are discs found

A

between each vertebrae

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12
Q

what does the spinal cord run through

A

runs through the central hollow canals of each vertebrae

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13
Q

what are the roles of discs

A

shock absorbers, allow friction free movement

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14
Q

what are all ribs attached to

A

the vertebrae of the spine

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15
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

consists of pectoral and pelvic girdle and attached limbs e.g. hind limb and fore limbs

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16
Q

pectoral girdle consists of

A

clavicle and scapula and attached fore limbs

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17
Q

what does the clavicle prevent

A

the clavicle prevents the shoulder from collapsing toward the chest

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18
Q

what does the scapula contain

A

the scapula contains the socket for the ball of the humerus to fit into forming the ball and socket joint

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19
Q

each fore limb contains

A 
humerus 
radius
ulna
carpal
metacarpal
phalanges(toes)
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20
Q

the pelvic girdle consists of

A

hip bones fused to the sacrum and surrounding a cavity and attached hind limbs

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21
Q

why are the hip bones called the innominate bone

A

the hip bones are called the innominate bone as each is formed by the fusion of 3 bones

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22
Q

what does each hip bone provide

A

a socket for the ball and socket joint with the femur

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23
Q

each hind limb contains

A 
femur
patella
tibia 
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
 phalanges(toes)
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24
Q

what does cartilage cover

A

covers the ends of the epiphysis and it contains the protein collagen

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25
Q

what is the role of cartilage

A

> shock absorbers

>reduces friction

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26
Q

where is spongey bone located and what does it contain

A

> located mainly in the epiphysis of long bone

>contains bony bars and plates separated by spaces filled with red marrow

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27
Q

what is the role of spongey bone

A

it gives strength but lowers density

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28
Q

red marrow and its role

A

> red marrow is located in between the spaces of the spongey bone
role is to produce blood cells

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29
Q

the medullary cavities role

A

> is to make inactive yellow marrow

>it also reduces weight of long bone making movement possible

30
Q

where is yellow marrow located

A

inside the medullary cavity

31
Q

what is the role of yellow marrow

A

> stores fat

>converts to red marrow when more blood cells are needed

32
Q

compact bone is….

A

> thicker along the diaphysis and thinner at epiphysis

>its a dense bone which is living as it has nerve and rich blood supply

33
Q

what is the role of the compact bone

A

it gives strength and rigidity to long bone

34
Q

periosteum is a

A

> touch membrane which encloses long bone

>contains nerves and blood vessels

35
Q

what is the role of the periosteum

A

it forms an attachment with thousands of tendons

36
Q

what is marrow

A

> marrow is fatty substance that can be red or yellow

>in adults red marrow confined to the spongey bone and yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity

37
Q

(note)the compact bone is made of….

A

> bone cells called osteoblasts embedded in a matrix of calcium phosphate and collagen protein
calcium salts give bone strength
collagen protein gives bone flexibility
*****bone has rich blood supply with nerve fibres running though it (cartilage lacks both)

38
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

> osteoblasts are bone forming cells
cell that builds up bone
(both answers are basically the same)

39
Q

what is the growth plate

A

the growth plate is an area within which growth occurs

40
Q

what is bone renewal

A

a process where bone is continually being broken down and replaced

41
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

> osteoclasts are cells that digest bone
cells that break down bone
(both answers are basically the same)

42
Q

osteoclasts break down/digest bone as follows…

A

> osteoclasts digest bone around the medullary cavity while osteoblasts build it up
osteoclasts then absorb broken down bone and remove worn cells
finally osteoblasts deposit calcium released from bone to blood vessels

43
Q

the continued renewal of bone is dependant on

A

exercise
>stimulates osteoblasts to form new bone
>thickens compact bone

hormone levels
>parathormone regulates calcium metabolism by removing calcium from bone to raise blood calcium levels
>a constant level of calcium in the blood is needed for muscles and nerves to work properly
>calcium maintains bone density and strength

diet
>a diet lacking calcium and vitamin D can result in reduced bone density

44
Q

TRUE or FALSE the skeleton is the largest storehouse of calcium

A

TRUE

45
Q

what is a joint

A

a joint is a junction between two bones or more

46
Q

location and function of the immovable joint

-immovable basically means it does not move

A

> location is the skull

> function: no movement
gives strength and protection e.g. cranium protects brain

47
Q

location and function of the slightly moveable joint

A

> location is between the vertebrae

> function:

  • small amount of movement
  • provides flexibility to the spine without damaging the spinal cord or nerves
48
Q

location and function of the freely moveable joint A.K.A

synovial joint/roles

A

hinge joint at knee, elbow, ankle
-allows movement in one direction so can support heavy loads

ball and socket joint at hip and shoulder
-allows movement in all directions so cannot support heavy loads

49
Q

what body parts can you find cartilage

A

ear, nose, trachea

50
Q

function of the ligament

A

-joins bone to bone

51
Q

Description of the ligament

A
  • tough and slightly elastic

- flexible when warm

52
Q

Function of the tendon

A
  • joins muscle to bone

- transfers force of muscular contraction to bone causing movement at the joint

53
Q

TRUE or FALSE the tendon is tough and inelastic

A

TRUE

54
Q

What does the synovial membrane do

A

-encloses the joint

55
Q

Function of synovial membrane

A

secretes synovial fluid

56
Q

what is the function of synovial fluid

A

it reduces friction of movable joints

57
Q

What is the function of the capsule

A

it holds the synovial fluid

58
Q

Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system

A

Osteoporosis

59
Q

Give a possible cause of osteoporosis and suggest a treatment for it

A

cause: reduced levels of the hormone oestrogen
treatment: hormone replacement therapy using oestrogen

60
Q

what are the three types muscles

A

> skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac

61
Q

what are the general features and functions of the skeletal muscle

A

-it is attached to bone
-under voluntary control
-contracts quick but tires very quickly
>its main role is movement and generates heat e.g. shivering

62
Q

what are the general features and functions of the smooth muscle

A

-it is located in arteries, veins, uterus, bladder and digestive system
-its an involuntary muscle
-contacts slowly and is slow to tire
>its main role is it contracts to reduce size of structure

63
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • is located in the heart wall
  • its an involuntary muscle
  • does not tire
  • contracts strongly and has many mitochondria

> role in cardiac cycle of the heart;
***relaxes during diastole of the cardiac cycle to allow blood to enter the heart

***contacts during systole of cardiac cycle so blood is pumped out of the heart

64
Q

TRUE or FALSE muscle is the only contractile tissue in the body as it has the ability to shorten and generate a strong pulling force, using ATP energy

A

TRUE

65
Q

what is an antagonistic muscle pair

A

*consists of 2 muscles work with opposing actions

> 2 muscles have opposite effects and when one contracts the other one relaxes

66
Q

name an example of an antagonistic muscle pair

A

biceps and triceps

67
Q

what do biceps do

A

bicep contracts to bend the arm and thus is called the flexor muscle
-triceps is relaxed

68
Q

what do triceps do

A

triceps contracts to straighten the arm and is called the extensor muscle
-the biceps is relaxed

69
Q

what is bone growth controlled by

A

Hormones

70
Q

draw the internal diagram of the long bone

A

see diagram in manual

biology 101 (16 decks)

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