musculoskeletal system Flashcards
what are the functions of the skeleton
support protection assists in movement storage production of blood cells
what does support provide
rigid framework to hold body upright
examples of protection
cranium protects brain
vertebrae protects spinal cord
rib cage protects heart and lungs
how does the skeleton assists in movement
skeletal muscles provide the pulling forces to move bone which act as rigid levers
where does the production of blood cells occur
in the red marrow of long bones e.g. femur
what is stored in bone
yellow marrow stores fat and
minerals such as calcium are stored in bone
the axial skeleton consists of
skull
ribcage
vertebral column/spinal cord
skull consists of
consists of 22 fused bones
and also consists of the cranium and facial bones
vertebral column consists of
33 bones called vertebrae arranged into 5 different regions
what are the 5 different regions of the vertebral column and their numbers
cervical 7 thoracic 12 lumbar 5 sacrum 5 coccyx 4
where are discs found
between each vertebrae
what does the spinal cord run through
runs through the central hollow canals of each vertebrae
what are the roles of discs
shock absorbers, allow friction free movement
what are all ribs attached to
the vertebrae of the spine
what does the appendicular skeleton consist of
consists of pectoral and pelvic girdle and attached limbs e.g. hind limb and fore limbs
pectoral girdle consists of
clavicle and scapula and attached fore limbs
what does the clavicle prevent
the clavicle prevents the shoulder from collapsing toward the chest
what does the scapula contain
the scapula contains the socket for the ball of the humerus to fit into forming the ball and socket joint
each fore limb contains
humerus radius ulna carpal metacarpal phalanges(toes)
the pelvic girdle consists of
hip bones fused to the sacrum and surrounding a cavity and attached hind limbs
why are the hip bones called the innominate bone
the hip bones are called the innominate bone as each is formed by the fusion of 3 bones
what does each hip bone provide
a socket for the ball and socket joint with the femur
each hind limb contains
femur patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals phalanges(toes)
what does cartilage cover
covers the ends of the epiphysis and it contains the protein collagen
what is the role of cartilage
> shock absorbers
>reduces friction
where is spongey bone located and what does it contain
> located mainly in the epiphysis of long bone
>contains bony bars and plates separated by spaces filled with red marrow
what is the role of spongey bone
it gives strength but lowers density
red marrow and its role
> red marrow is located in between the spaces of the spongey bone
role is to produce blood cells
the medullary cavities role
> is to make inactive yellow marrow
>it also reduces weight of long bone making movement possible
where is yellow marrow located
inside the medullary cavity
what is the role of yellow marrow
> stores fat
>converts to red marrow when more blood cells are needed
compact bone is….
> thicker along the diaphysis and thinner at epiphysis
>its a dense bone which is living as it has nerve and rich blood supply
what is the role of the compact bone
it gives strength and rigidity to long bone
periosteum is a
> touch membrane which encloses long bone
>contains nerves and blood vessels
what is the role of the periosteum
it forms an attachment with thousands of tendons
what is marrow
> marrow is fatty substance that can be red or yellow
>in adults red marrow confined to the spongey bone and yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity
(note)the compact bone is made of….
> bone cells called osteoblasts embedded in a matrix of calcium phosphate and collagen protein
calcium salts give bone strength
collagen protein gives bone flexibility
*****bone has rich blood supply with nerve fibres running though it (cartilage lacks both)
what are osteoblasts
> osteoblasts are bone forming cells
cell that builds up bone
(both answers are basically the same)
what is the growth plate
the growth plate is an area within which growth occurs
what is bone renewal
a process where bone is continually being broken down and replaced
what are osteoclasts
> osteoclasts are cells that digest bone
cells that break down bone
(both answers are basically the same)
osteoclasts break down/digest bone as follows…
> osteoclasts digest bone around the medullary cavity while osteoblasts build it up
osteoclasts then absorb broken down bone and remove worn cells
finally osteoblasts deposit calcium released from bone to blood vessels
the continued renewal of bone is dependant on
exercise
>stimulates osteoblasts to form new bone
>thickens compact bone
hormone levels
>parathormone regulates calcium metabolism by removing calcium from bone to raise blood calcium levels
>a constant level of calcium in the blood is needed for muscles and nerves to work properly
>calcium maintains bone density and strength
diet
>a diet lacking calcium and vitamin D can result in reduced bone density
TRUE or FALSE the skeleton is the largest storehouse of calcium
TRUE
what is a joint
a joint is a junction between two bones or more
location and function of the immovable joint
-immovable basically means it does not move
> location is the skull
> function: no movement
gives strength and protection e.g. cranium protects brain
location and function of the slightly moveable joint
> location is between the vertebrae
> function:
- small amount of movement
- provides flexibility to the spine without damaging the spinal cord or nerves
location and function of the freely moveable joint A.K.A
synovial joint/roles
hinge joint at knee, elbow, ankle
-allows movement in one direction so can support heavy loads
ball and socket joint at hip and shoulder
-allows movement in all directions so cannot support heavy loads
what body parts can you find cartilage
ear, nose, trachea
function of the ligament
-joins bone to bone
Description of the ligament
- tough and slightly elastic
- flexible when warm
Function of the tendon
- joins muscle to bone
- transfers force of muscular contraction to bone causing movement at the joint
TRUE or FALSE the tendon is tough and inelastic
TRUE
What does the synovial membrane do
-encloses the joint
Function of synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid
what is the function of synovial fluid
it reduces friction of movable joints
What is the function of the capsule
it holds the synovial fluid
Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system
Osteoporosis
Give a possible cause of osteoporosis and suggest a treatment for it
cause: reduced levels of the hormone oestrogen
treatment: hormone replacement therapy using oestrogen
what are the three types muscles
> skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac
what are the general features and functions of the skeletal muscle
-it is attached to bone
-under voluntary control
-contracts quick but tires very quickly
>its main role is movement and generates heat e.g. shivering
what are the general features and functions of the smooth muscle
-it is located in arteries, veins, uterus, bladder and digestive system
-its an involuntary muscle
-contacts slowly and is slow to tire
>its main role is it contracts to reduce size of structure
cardiac muscle
- is located in the heart wall
- its an involuntary muscle
- does not tire
- contracts strongly and has many mitochondria
> role in cardiac cycle of the heart;
***relaxes during diastole of the cardiac cycle to allow blood to enter the heart
***contacts during systole of cardiac cycle so blood is pumped out of the heart
TRUE or FALSE muscle is the only contractile tissue in the body as it has the ability to shorten and generate a strong pulling force, using ATP energy
TRUE
what is an antagonistic muscle pair
*consists of 2 muscles work with opposing actions
> 2 muscles have opposite effects and when one contracts the other one relaxes
name an example of an antagonistic muscle pair
biceps and triceps
what do biceps do
bicep contracts to bend the arm and thus is called the flexor muscle
-triceps is relaxed
what do triceps do
triceps contracts to straighten the arm and is called the extensor muscle
-the biceps is relaxed
what is bone growth controlled by
Hormones
draw the internal diagram of the long bone
see diagram in manual
