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medical terminology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Afferent Nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Astrocyte

A

type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries in the nervous system

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4
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

protective separation between the blood and brain cells. Makes it difficult for substances to enter the brain

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5
Q

Cauda Equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

posterior part of brain that coordinates muscle movements and balance

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7
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest part of brain; responsible for voluntary muscle movement, taste, smell, hearing, thought, memory, speech, vision

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8
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

nerves carry messages to and from brain to parts of head and neck and other body parts;12 pairs

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9
Q

Dura Mater

A

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Efferent Nerve

A

carrie’s messages away from the brain and spinal cord (motor nerve)

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11
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form CSF

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12
Q

Ganglion (ganglia)

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

Glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. can reproduce themselves: astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

Gyrus

A

sheet of nerve cells that produces rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

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15
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

controls breathing, heart rate, and size of blood vessels; nerve fibres cross here

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

beneath thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temp, and pituitary secretions

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17
Q

Meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the CNS

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19
Q

Midbrain

A

uppermost portion of brain stem

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20
Q

Oligodendroglial cell (oligodendrocyte)

A

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

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21
Q

Parenchyma

A

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system

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22
Q

Pia Mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of meninges

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23
Q

Plexus

A

large, interlacing network of nerves

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24
Q

Pons

A

bridge connecting various parts of the brain

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25
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down to the thigh, lower leg, and foot.

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26
Q

Stroma

A

connective and supportive tissue of an organ (made of glial cells when in the brain)

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27
Q

Sulcus (sulci)

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

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28
Q

Thalamus

A

main relay centre of brain, conducts nerve impulses between spinal cord and brain

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29
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve, branches to larynx,trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, stomach

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30
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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31
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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32
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

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33
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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34
Q

gli/o

A

glial cells

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35
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

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36
Q

mening/o

meningi/o

A

membranes,

meninges

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37
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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38
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord ( or bone marrow in other context)

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39
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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40
Q

pont/o

A

pons

41
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root (of spinal nerves)

42
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

43
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (refers to meninges)

44
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

45
Q

alges/o

-algesia

A

sensitivity to pain

46
Q

-algia

A

pain

47
Q

caus/o

A

burning

48
Q

comat/o

A

deep sleep (coma)

49
Q

esthesi/o

-esthesia

A

feeling, nervous sensation

50
Q 
kines/o
kinesi/o
-kinesia 
-kinesis
-kinetic
A

movement

51
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

52
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

53
Q

-paresis

A

weakness

54
Q

-phasia

A

speech

55
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis, impaired movement

56
Q

-praxia

A

action

57
Q

-sthenia

A

strength

58
Q

syncop/o

A

to cut off, cut short

59
Q

tax/o

A

order, coordination

60
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

61
Q

Spina Bifida

A

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)

62
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning

63
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ALS

A

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem

64
Q

Epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

65
Q

Huntington disease

A

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

66
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and it’s replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue

67
Q

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

68
Q

Palsy

A

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)

69
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration of neurons in the basil ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement

70
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

involuntary spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words

71
Q

Herpes Zoster (shingles)

A

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves

72
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis

73
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS

74
Q

Cerebral concussion

A

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head

75
Q

Cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head

76
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke

  1. thrombotic-blood clot in artery
  2. embolic- dislodged thrombus
  3. hemorrhagic- artery ruptures
77
Q

cerebral angiography

A

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material

78
Q

computed tomography (CT) of the brain

A

computerized x-ray technique that generates multiple images of the brain and spinal cord

79
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord

80
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells

81
Q

Doppler ultrasound studies

A

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries

82
Q

electroenchephalography (EEG)

A

recording of the electrical activity of the brain

83
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

84
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain

85
Q

Absence seizure

A

form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings

86
Q

Aneurysm

A

enlarged, weakened area in the arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke)

87
Q

Astrosytoma

A

malignant brain tumour of astrocytes

88
Q

aura

A

peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure

89
Q

dementia

A

mental decline and deterioration

90
Q

demyelination

A

destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in MS)

91
Q

Embolus

A

clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel

92
Q

Gait

A

manner of walking

93
Q

ictal event

A

pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure

94
Q

Occlusion

A

blockage

95
Q

Palliative

A

relieving but not curing symptoms

96
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of thymus gland

97
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack. occurs with strokes and characterized by limited course of neurological deficits

98
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements

medical terminology (12 decks)

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