Nervous System

Question 1

What is the nervous system made up of?

Answer 1

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system - ganglion and nerve

Question 2

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system

Answer 2

Sensory function, integrative function and motor function

Question 3

Describe Sensory Function

Answer 3

Receptors in peripheral nervous system detect stimuli. Sensory information transmitted to central nervous system.

Question 4

Describe Integrative Function

Answer 4

Central nervous system processes sensory information via integration and analysis. An appropriate outcome is decided

Question 5

Describe Motor Function

Answer 5

Central nervous system transmits motor information to peripheral nervous system. Action carried out by effectors.

Question 6

What are the 3 divisions of the Peripheral nervous system?

Answer 6

Somatic nervous system (SNS), Autonomic nervous system (ANS), Enteric nervous system (ENS)

Question 7

Describe Somatic nervous system

Answer 7

Contains special senses like eyes, nose, taste buds, hearing and balance as well as the skeletal muscles.
Skeletal muscles - all muscles we can voluntarily control
Sensory division - relays sensory information from receptors in skeletal muscles and special senses back into the CNS
Motor division - transmits information form the CNS back down into the skeletal muscles

Question 8

Describe Autonomic nervous system

Answer 8

Relates to all processes that occur automatically for example breathing, heart beating, digesting food.
Sensory division - transmits sensory information from our autonomic organs and glands
Motor division - transmits motor information from CNS to autonomic organs we don’t have voluntary control over

Question 9

Describe Enteric nervous system

Answer 9

sensory information from gastrointestinal tract to CNS

Question 10

What is a Neuron?

Answer 10

smallest functioning unit of the nervous system, an electrically excitable cell that allows the nervous system to communicate

Question 11

Different parts of a neuron

Answer 11

1. Cell body - contains nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles.
2. Dendrites - small little projections that receive information from other cells
3. Axon - tube that runs along neuron, carries electrical impulse away from the cell body
4. Axon Terminal - Opposite end of cell body, branches out and connects to other cells to pass on the electrical impulse
   5, Synaptic end bulbs - very ends of axon terminal and these bulbs synapse with other cells and pass on electrical impulse
5. Myelin sheath - Lipid and protein covering around axon of neurons

Question 12

Multipolar Neuron

Answer 12

7 dendrites and 1 axon terminal

Question 13

Bipolar Neuron

Answer 13

1 main dendrite with 1 Axon terminal

Question 14

Unipolar Neuron

Answer 14

Dendrite and axons are fused together, links to sensory receptors

Question 15

Sensory (afferent)

Answer 15

carries nerve impulse towards the CNS. Mostly Unipolar

Question 16

Motor (efferent)

Answer 16

Carries nerve impulse away from CNS. All multipolar

Question 17

Interneuron

Answer 17

Between sensory and motor neurons. Integrate information

Question 18

Neuroglia

Answer 18

All cells within nervous system except for the neurons, Makes up around half the nervous system. cannot generate electrical impulse so cannot transmit information

Question 19

Astrocytes (CNS)

Answer 19

star shaped cells.
Most numerous neuroglia 
provides support to neurons
maintain blood-brain-barrier
maintain local chemical environment

Question 20

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Answer 20

Fewer processes than an astrocyte
Form and maintain myelin sheath
Can extend its processes to up to 50 axons

Question 21

Microglia (CNS)

Answer 21

Small cells with thin processes
Function as phagocytes
Remove cellular debris, microbes, and damaged nervous tissue

Question 22

Ependymal cells (CNS)

Answer 22

Cuboidal cells with microvilli and cilia
Line ventricles and central canal
Produce and circulate CSF

Question 23

Schwann cells (PNS)

Answer 23

Form and maintain myelin sheath
Each Schwann cell myelinates one axon
Involved in axon regenration

Question 24

Satellite cells (PNS)

Answer 24

Surround cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia
Provide structural support
Exchange materials between cell bodies and interstitial fluid

Question 25

Neurorengeration

Answer 25

Refers to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissue or cells
Little to no repair in CNS due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, absence of growth-stimulation cues, and rapid formation of scar tissue
In the PNS repair is possible if the cell body is intact, Schwann cells are functional and scar tissue formation does not occur too rapidly
Neuroregeneration of a nerve in the PNS involves; Chromatolysis, Wallerian degeneration and formation of a regeneration tube

Question 26

Clusters of Neuronal cell bodies

Answer 26

PNS - Ganglion, Ganglia

CNS - Nucleus, Nuclei

Question 27

Bundles of Axons

Answer 27

PNS - Nerves

CNS - Tract

Question 28

White and Gray matter

Answer 28

White matter only made up of myelinated axons

Gray matter contains everything apart from myelinated axons