Nervous System Flashcards
A nerve is a bundle of ______ and _______ - mostly _______
axons; dendrites; axons
Afferent nerves carry info _______ the ______
toward; CNS
Afferent generally refers to ________
sensory
Efferent nerves carry info ______ the ______
away from; CNS
Efferent nerves generally carry _____ signals, toward the _______
motor; muscles
Sympathetic response is …….
fight, flight, or freeze
Parasympathetic response is…..
rest and digest
Anatomical planes of section:
Horizontal plane
cuts through horizontally - separates above from below
Anatomical planes of section:
Coronal plane
cuts vertically and separates front to back
Anatomical planes of section:
Sagittal plane
cuts vertically and separates left from right
Anatomical Directions:
The meaning of some terms _____ at the midbrain-diencephalic junction
change (dorsal, ventral, rostral, caudal)
Anatomical Directions:
Superior is opposite from and above _________
inferior
Anatomical Directions:
Anterior is opposite from and in front of _______
posterior
Anatomical Directions:
Before the midbrain-diencephalic junction, dorsal is opposite from and above _______
ventral
Anatomical Directions:
Before the midbrain-diencephalic junction rostral is opposite from and in front of _______
caudal
Anatomical Directions:
After the midbrain-diencephalic junction, ventral is opposite from and in front of ________
dorsal
Anatomical Directions:
After the midbrain-diencephalic junction, caudal is opposite from and below _______
rostral
Other anatomic terms:
Medial
toward the middle
Other anatomic terms:
Lateral
toward the side
Other anatomic terms:
Proximal
near to
Other anatomic terms:
Distal
far from
Other anatomic terms:
Ipsilateral
on the same side
Other anatomic terms:
Contralateral
on the far side
Other anatomic terms:
Bilateral
on both sides
Other anatomic terms:
Left and right
from the owner’s perspective
Neuroanatomical Terms:
Nerve
a bundle of axons
Neuroanatomical Terms:
Nucleus/Nuclei
a group of cell bodies inside the CNS
Neuroanatomical Terms:
Ganglion/ganglia
a group of cell bodies outside the CNS
Neuroanatomical Terms:
Fasciculus
pathway or tract between nuclei
Neuroanatomical Terms:
Funiculus
column or tract in the spinal cord (can ascend, descend, and decussate)
Neuroanatomical Terms:
Commissure
lateral pathway
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System:
________ division of the nervous system
Anatomical
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System:
CNS = ______ + _______
brain + spinal cord
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System:
The CNS is enclosed in ______ ( _____ & ______)
bone (cranium & spinal column)
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System:
The CNS is wrapped in a protective covering called the _______
meninges
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System:
The meninges has three different layers - the ______, ______ and ________
dura; arachnoid; pia
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System:
The CNS is bathed in fluid called _______
CSF - cerebrospinal fluid
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System:
PNS is made of _____ nerves and ______ nerves
cranial; spinal
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System:
PNS contains _____ and ______ ( ______ and _______) neurons.
______ means into and _____ means out of CNS
afferent and efferent; sensory and motor
afferent; efferent
Cranial Nerves:
Connect to the ______
brain
Cranial Nerves:
Have a bundle of ______, aka _______
cell bodies; nuclei
Cranial Nerves:
There are _____ pairs numbered ____ through ______
12; I - XII
Cranial Nerves:
Cranial nerves are ______ (efferent) , _____ (afferent), or ______ (efferent and afferent)
motor; sensory; mixed
Spinal Nerves:
Connect to the ______ and have ______
spinal cord; ganglia
Spinal Nerves:
Contain _____ pairs: one per segment, named by ________
31; vertebra
Spinal Nerves:
8 ______, 12 _______, 5 _______. 5 _______, 1 _______
cervical; thoracic; lumbar; sacral; coccygeal
Spinal Nerves:
All spinal nerves are ______ nerves
mixed
Spinal Nerves:
Mixed nerves in the spine have ______/______ and _____/______ roots
dorsal/sensory; ventral/motor
D/S; V/M
Spinal Nerves:
The ______ root receives input from the skin and viscera
dorsal
Somatic vs. Autonomic NS:
The somatic and autonomic division of the nervous system is a _______ division
functional
Somatic vs. Autonomic NS:
This division is mediated by ______ and ______ nerves
cranial and spinal
Somatic vs. Autonomic NS:
______: innervates striated muscles, is initiated by the ______ lobe, and is ______
Somatic; frontal; voluntary
Somatic vs. Autonomic NS:
________: innervates smooth muscles of internal _______ (glands, blood vessels), is initiated by the ______, and is ______
Autonomic; organs; hypothalamus; involuntary
Somatic vs. Autonomic NS:
The autonomic NS is further divided into the ______ and the ______
sympathetic; parasympathetic
Somatic vs. Autonomic NS:
Sympathetic: _________ source; _____ and pre_______ ganglia
thoracolumbar; para- and prevertebral ganglia
Somatic vs. Autonomic NS:
Parasympathetic: _______ source; ganglia near ______
craniosacral; effector (effector = muscle)
Hindbrain:
The _____, the ______, and the _______ are the major structures in the hindbrain
medulla; pons; cerebellum
Hindbrain:
The medulla and pons are ______ nerve nuclei and manage ______, _______, and ______ reflexes
cranial; cardiac; circulatory; respiratory
Hindbrain:
The medulla and pons have both ______ and _____ pathways
ascending; descending
Hindbrain:
Medulla and pons contains cerebellar _______
peduncles
Hindbrain:
Within the medulla and pons is the fourth _____
ventricle
Hindbrain:
Within the medulla and pons is the ________ formation
reticular
Hindbrain:
The reticular formation manages the person’s level of ______/______
a. Projects to most of _____
b. Determines level of activity in _______
c. Levels: _____, ______. ______, ______
arousal/consciousness;
a. cortex
b. neurons
c. alert, drowsy, stuporous, comatose
Hindbrain:
The cerebellum is in charge of _____, ______, and ______
coordination; posture; balance (tandem gait for when you’re drunk and the PoPo found you)
Midbrain:
Made of the cerebral _____
peduncle
Midbrain:
Made of the _____ aqueduct
cerebral
Midbrain:
The cerebral aqueduct is the PAG: ___________ grey which modulates ______ signals and ______ responses
periaqueductal; pain; defensive
Midbrain:
The ________ contains the corpora _______
tectum; quadrigemina
Midbrain:
The corpora quadrigemina is made of the _______ which is in charge of ______ reflexes.
It also contains the _______ which is in charge of _____ reflexes and ______ localization
Superior colliculi; visual
Inferior colliculi: auditory; sound
Midbrain:
The ______ is in control of autonomic _____ motor nuclei.
The _____ muscle is attached to the lens.
The _______ muscle is in iris
tegmentum; eye
ciliary
sphincter
Midbrain:
Red _____: _____ coordination
nucleus; motor
Midbrain:
______ nigra: motor ______
Substantia; control
