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z basic sciences > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

draw out the organisation of the nervous system

A
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2
Q

draw structure of a typical CNS neuron :

A
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3
Q

what are excitatory neurotransmitters - what do they do?

give some examples?

A

cause depolarisation

e.g.

acetylcholine

glutamate

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4
Q

what are inhibitory neurotransmitters - what do they do?

give some examples?

A

cause hyperpolarisation

e.g.

GABA and glycine

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5
Q

what is gray matter

A

nucleus - a cluster of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites

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6
Q

what is white matter

A

White matter is bundles of myelinated axons that form fibre tracts connecting nuclei

Grey matter connected by white matter

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7
Q

how is the spinal cord divided into grey and white matter

what are the 3 distinct regions of the spinal cord

A
  • Grey matter in butterfly space
    • Divided into 3 distinct regions
      • Dorsal horn
        • Closest to back
      • Intermediate zone
      • Ventral horn
        • Closest to internal organs
  • White matter surrounding
    • Axons of neurons in the grey matter
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8
Q

describe motor neurons in the spinal cord

A
  • found in ventral horn
  • has single basal axon
    • leaves through grey matter
    • leaves through ventral root
    • coalesces with dorsal root
    • gives rise to segmental spinal nerve
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9
Q

describe sensory neurons in the spinal cord

A
  • found outside spinal cord but associated
  • in dorsal root ganglia
    • neuron cell bodies are pseudo unipolar
      • have two projections / axons
      • one to spinal nerve
      • one to dorsal horn / passes through
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10
Q

what are interneurons

A

Neurons which relay information between neurons

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11
Q

types of interneurons :

A
  • Local circuit interneurons
    • Axons remain within the nucleus
    • Carry out complex computation to integrate information
  • Projection interneurons
    • Send their axons along fibre tracts to other nuclei
    • Can be over a metre long
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12
Q

how many glial cells are there in the nervous system

A

many more than neurons

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13
Q

what types of glial cells are there?

A

Three types of glial cell

  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
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14
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A
  • myelinating cells
    • form myelin sheath that wraps around axons
  • have processes which project from them
    • wrap around axons
  • nodes of ranvier - ares of no myelination
  • in PNS - called schwann cells
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15
Q

what are astrocytes

A

Large star shaped cells

Multiple processes

Multiple functional roles

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16
Q

what are the roles of astrocytes

A
  • regulation of extracellular ion concentrations
    • essential for establishing resting potential of neurons
  • Astrocyte processes enclose synapses and regulate synaptic activity
    • Regulate neurotransmitter uptake and degradation
  • structural support
  • regulation of integrity of the blood-brain barrier
  • neurotrophic support/nutritive role
17
Q

how do astrocytes regulate the integrity of the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes have end feet which support integrity of the tight junctions

18
Q

what are microglia?

A

Small glial cells with numerous structure forms (depending on their activation state)

Play an equivalent role within the brain to white blood cells in the periphery

Immune system of the brain

19
Q

what can occur when microglia are activated?

A

can :

  • Release inflammatory cytokines
  • Attach disease organisms
  • Phagocytose damaged cells
20
Q

what can occur when microglia are ‘inappropriately’ activated

what can this lead to?

A

Role in generation of neuropathic pain conditions

Role in some neurodegenerative diseases

  • Alzheimers & parkinsons
21
Q

organisation of the peripheral nervous system

A
  • Peripheral sensory neurons
    • The majority of the body receives sensory innervation from Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) neurons.
  • Autonomic neurons
    • Neurons of the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems.
22
Q

which parts of the body do not receive sensory information from the dorsal root ganglion neurons?

what are they innervated by?

A

Head, neck and some internal organs are innervated by cranial sensory ganglia that are associated with cranial nerves

23
Q

what do segmental spinal nerves carry?

A

Carry axons of

  • DRG neurons
  • Sympathetic neurons (postganglionic)
  • Spinal cord motor neurons
24
Q

how are segmental spinal nerves formed?

A

from coalescence of the dorsal roots and ventral roots

  • Ventral contain axons of
    • motor neurons
    • Sympathetic neurons
  • Dorsal contains axons of
    • DRG neurons
25
Q

what are dermatomes

A

Area of skin supplied by each segmental spinal nerve

  • Sensory innervation
26
Q

draw mid-sagittal section of the brain and label

A

Corpus callosum

  • Fibre tract containing axons of neurons
  • Where axons cross across the hemispheres

cerebellum

  • mostly balance
27
Q

draw coronal brain section and label

A
28
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

controlling movement

  • Regulate output from motor and premotor areas of the cortex
  • Initiation of movement
29
Q

what does the basal ganglia comprise of

A

Dorsal striatum = Caudate nucleus and Putamen

Globus pallidus

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigra

30
Q

what is the substantia nigra divided into?

A

2 subnuclei

  • substantia nigra pars reticulata
  • substantia nigra pars compacta
31
Q

how are the motor symptoms of parkinson’s caused?

A
  • substantia nigra pars compacta
    • contains dopeminergic neurons
    • these project to dorsal striatum
  • degeneration of these axons and dopeminergic neurons leads to symptoms
32
Q

how are the motor symptoms of huntington’s caused?

A

Dorsal striatum contains medium spiny neurons

  • Degeneration of medium spiny neurons
    • = motor symptoms of huntingtons disease

z basic sciences (21 decks)

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