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A&P Exam 3 > Nervous System 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Nervous System 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define and describe resting potential

A

Resting neuron not being stimulated; -70 mv

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2
Q

During RMP, where are the K+ ions located and where are the Na+ ions located?

A

More K+ inside the cell, more Na+ outside cell

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3
Q

Define and describe action potential

A

rapid change in membrane potential; first in positive direction, then negative, then returning to RMP

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4
Q

Define threshold

A

Degree of depolarization reaches -55mv, action potential occurs

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5
Q

Define depolarization

A

membrane potential less negative (more positive) and closer to 0 mv

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6
Q

Define repolorization

A

After depolarization, K+ ions diffuse out of cell

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7
Q

Define hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential more negative; below -70 mv

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8
Q

What are the chemicals responsible for pain sensation

A

Enkephalins, beta endorphin, and substance P

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9
Q

What is the function of substance P

A

Functions as neurotransmitter in neurons that conduct impulses associated with pain into spinal cord and brain

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10
Q

What is the function of Enkephalins

A

Relieve pain sensations by binding to receptors in brain

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11
Q

What is the function of beta endorphin

A

Acts longer than enkephalins, more potent pain reliever in brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

What are the components of a myelin sheath

A

Lipids and proteins

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of a unipolar neuron

A

Single process extends from cell body, divides into two branches that function as one, dendrites near peripheral body (top), other branch enters near spinal cord, most cell bodies found in ganglia

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of a bipolar neuron

A

Two processes, one arising from either end; one axon, one dendrite, found in specialized parts of eyes, ears, and nose

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15
Q

What is the structure and function of a multipolar neuron

A

Many processes arises from cell body, one is a axon, rest are dendrites, mostly in brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Where are voltage gated channels located on a neuron

A

Axon hillock/initial segment/trigger zone at first part of axon

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17
Q

Where do action potentials begin and end

A

Begins at axon hillock and ends at axon terminal

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18
Q

Define motor (efferent) neuron and provide location

A

Located in PNS, carries impulses away from CNS

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19
Q

Define sensory (afferent) neurons and provide location

A

Located in PNS, carries impulses toward CNS

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20
Q

Define interneurons and provide location

A

Located in CNS, integrates sensory signals

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21
Q

Describe function and location of synaptic cleft

A

Space after axon terminal between next target cell; neurotransmitters released to target cell

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22
Q

Where are graded potentials formed and located on a neuron

A

localized temporary change in membrane potential that occurs at the dendrites in response to a stimulus; decay over distance and time. requires summation to reach threshold

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23
Q

What are the 4 neuroglia cell of the CNS

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells

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24
Q

What are some of the functions of an Astrocyte

A

Connects neurons to blood vessels, exchange nutrients and growth factors, for m scar tissue, aid in metabolism of certain substances, part of brain barrier

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25
Q

What are some functions of Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate CNS axons; also provide structural support

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26
Q

What are some functions of Microglia

A

Phagocytic cell; provides structural support

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27
Q

What are some functions of ependymal cells

A

Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain; cover choroid plexuses, help regulate CSF, ciliated columnar cells

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28
Q

What are some functions of Schwann cells

A

Produce myelin of the peripheral neurons

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28
Q

What are the two neuroglia of the PNS

A

Schwann cells and Satellite cell

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29
Q

What are some functions of Satellite cells

A

Provide nutritional support, help regulate concentrations of ions around neuron cells bodies with ganglia

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30
Q

Which are the most numerous neuroglia cells

A

Astrocytes

31
Q

Define Summation

A

The addictive effect of several electrical impulses on a neuromuscular junction; junction between a nerve cell and muscle cell

32
Q

Define Saltation

A

jumping action potentials across internodes

33
Q

Define continuous conduction

A

Propagation along an unmyelinated axon

34
Q

What is a dermatome

A

Area of skin innervated by the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve

35
Q

What is a plexus

A

Complex network formed by anterior rami (branches) of spinal nerves

36
Q

What is a tract

A

Bundles of nerves in CNS

37
Q

What is the function and location of the cervical enlargement

A

Thickening in spinal cord and neck region that supplies nerves to upper limbs

38
Q

What is the function and location of the lumbar enlargement

A

Thickening in lower back that gives off nerves to lower limbs

39
Q

What is the function of the filum terminale

A

Anchors spinal cord

40
Q

What is the function and location of the conus medullaris

A

Inferior to lumbar enlargement, spinal cord tapered to structure, nervous tissue extend downward within vertebral canal to become spinal nerves

41
Q

What is the location and function of the Cervical Plexus

A

Formed by anterior rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves, supply muscles of skin and neck; C3-C5 contribute to phrenic nerve (motor impulses to diaphragm)

42
Q

What is the location and function of the Brachial Plexus

A

Formed by anterior branches C5-T1, deep within shoulders; 5 branches

43
Q

What are the 5 branches of the Brachial Plexus

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve, Ulnar/median nerves, Radial nerves, Axillary nerves

44
Q

What is the function of the Musculocutaneous Nerve

A

Supply muscles of anterior arms and skin of forearms

45
Q

What is the function of the Ulnar/Median Nerves

A

Supply muscles of forearms and hands, skin of hands

46
Q

What is the function of the Radial Nerve

A

Supply posterior muscles of arms and skin of forearms and hands

47
Q

What is the function of the Axillary Nerve

A

Supply muscles and skin of anterior, lateral, and posterior arms

48
Q

What is the location and function of the Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Formed by anterior branches L1-S4, in regions of abdomen and sacral portions in pelvic cavity

49
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex

A

Consists of two neurons; sensory and motor; 1 synapse in spinal cord ex: knee-jerk reflex

50
Q

What is the withdrawal reflex

A

Occurs when a person touches or steps on something painful; polysynaptic- sensory, interneuron, and motor neuron

51
Q

What is a cross extensor reflex

A

During withdrawal reflex, flexors on affected side contract, extensors inhibited; shifts body weight

52
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31 pair; 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal nerve

53
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end

A

Begins at brainstem and ends in lower lumbar region, tapering off to form conus medullaris

54
Q

Define and give location of the meninges

A

Membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord; 3 layers; Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, pia mater

55
Q

Where is CSF located within meninges

A

Within Arachnoid mater, in subarachnoid space

56
Q

What is the function of the Pia Mater

A

Inner layer of meninges attached to brain surface, contains blood vessels, and nerves that nourish CNS

57
Q

What is the function of the Dura Mater

A

Outer layer of tough dense connective tissue; contains dural sinuses and epidural space

58
Q

What is the function of the posterior/dorsal root

A

Dorsal roots allow sensory neurons to enter spinal cord

59
Q

Define ascending tracts

A

Spinal tracts that conduct sensory information to brain

60
Q

Define descending tracts

A

Spinal tracts that conduct motor commands from brain via motor neurons reaching muscles and glands

61
Q

Define and give location of Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus (Ascending tract)

A

Located in posterior funiculi; conduct sensory impulses associated with senses of touch, pressure, and body movement from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to brain

62
Q

Define and give location of Spinothalamic tracts (lateral/anterior) (Ascending tract)

A

Located in the lateral and anterior funiculi; conduct sensory impulses associated with the senses of pain, temperature, touch, pressure, from various regions to brain

63
Q

Define and give location of Spinocerebellar tracts (posterior/anterior) (Ascending tract)

A

Located in lateral funiculi; conduction of sensory impulses required for coordination of muscles movements from muscles of lower limbs and trunk to cerebellum

64
Q

Define and give location of Corticospinal tracts (lateral/anterior) (Descending tract)

A

Located in lateral and anterior funiculi; conduct motor impulses associated with voluntary movements from the brain to skeletal muscles

65
Q

Define and give location of Reticulospinal tracts (lateral/anterior/medial) (Descending tract)

A

Located in lateral and anterior funiculi; conduct motor impulses associated with the maintenance of muscle tone and activity of sweat glands from brain

66
Q

Define and give location of Rubrospinal tract (Descending tract)

A

Located in lateral funiculi; conduct motor impulses associated with muscular coordination from the brain

67
Q

What nerve is associated with Carpal Tunnel syndrome

A

Median nerve (compressed in carpal tunnel)

68
Q

What are the five parts of reflex arc

A

Receptor, Sensory neuron, Interneuron, Motor neuron, and effector

69
Q

What is a receptor

A

Receptor end of a dendrite or specialized receptor cell; sensitive to a specific type of internal or external change

70
Q

What is a sensory neuron

A

Dendrite, cell body and axon of sensory neuron; conducts an impulse from the receptor into brain or spinal cord

71
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

Dendrite, cell body, axon of motor neuron; conducts an impulse from brain or spinal cord out to synapse with an effector

72
Q

What is an interneuron

A

Dendrite, cell body, axon of a neuron with brain or spinal cord; serves as a processing center, conducts impulse from sensory to its synapse with motor neuron

73
Q

What is an effector

A

Muscle or gland; responds to stimulation by the motor neuron and produces the reflex or behavioral action

74
Q

What is the structure of a peripheral nerve

A

Nerves are bundles of axons with 3 coverings; endoneurium (surrounds individual axons), perineurium(encloses each fascicle), and epineurium(surrounds group of bundles fascicles, outermost layer)

A&P Exam 3 (2 decks)

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