Microbiology Flashcards
What is facilitated diffusion?
The passive movement of molecules across a membrane through a carrier protein or protein channel
What cells use endocytosis for intake of nutrients to other cells?
Protozoa and human cells
The action of one microorganism that causes harm to another microbe is known as
amensalism/antagonism
A genetic or evolutionary change in one symbiotic partner that leads to a genetic or evolutionary change in the other symbiotic partner is known as
coevolution
The outer structure that allows a bacterial cell to survive in a hypotonic environment is the cell
wall
What term describes any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal?
Micronutrient
Zinc and manganese are required by cells in small amounts, so they are termed trace
elements
Which of the following describes a relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment?
Amensalism
Which organism relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs?
Heterotroph
An organism which acquires energy by metabolizing the nutrients from other organisms is called a(n
heterotroph
Which best defines an active site?
Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds
The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Respiratory chain
During the last steps of glycolysis, ATP is generated by
Substrate level phosphorylation
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the NET output is
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle produces:
6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2
A non-functional enzyme which needs a cofactor is called a(n)
Apoenzyme
Besides proteins, which type of molecule has been shown to have catalytic activity?
RNA
What are the functions of metallic cofactors?
Activate enzymes, help bring active site and substrate closer together, participate directly in chemical reactions with the enzyme-substrate complex
Enzymes serve as catalysts for:
anabolic and catabolic reactions
An inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site and controls enzyme activity is called a
noncompetitive inhibitor
Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA?
Structural genes and regulatory region
One role of introns is to facilitate the formation of different proteins from the same gene due to a process called
Alternative splicing
Transcription of the genes of the arg operon are inhibited when arginine:
builds up and binds to and activates the repressor
Which RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Regulatory
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) arise when, through genetic transfer, a MRSA strain acquires what operon located where
VanA, transposon
The portion of tRNA that is complementary to the mRNA codon is the
anticodon
Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?
Recombination
Viral DNA inserted into the host genome may cause the transformation of the host cell into a
cancerous cell
When one bacterium donates DNA to other bacterium, it is known as
Recombination
During a genetic engineering experiment, the organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA is called the
Cloning host
Which type of mutation is generally most harmful to cells?
Frameshift: reading frame of mRNA is altered
What compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants?
Chlorine dioxide, Ethylene oxide, Propylene oxide
Which of following are the two aldehydes used most often in microbial control?
Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde
Dyes are important for which of the following reasons?
Staining techniques, selective and differential media, Chemotherapeutic drugs
The synthesis of proteins involves ribosomes that are used in a process called
Translation
When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed their maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as
Microbicidal
The germicidal effects of hydrogen peroxide are due to the direct and indirect actions of which gas?
Oxygen
