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Bio 7: Run For Your Life > Nervous Control [Cardiac and Ventilation] > Flashcards

Nervous Control [Cardiac and Ventilation] Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is oxygen supply maintained in the body? 3

A
  • Deeper breathing
  • Faster breathing
  • Increased cardiac output
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2
Q

Is heart rate controlled unconsciously/consciously?

A

Unconsciously

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3
Q

What is heart rate controlled by?

A

Cardiovascular control centre in medulla oblongata

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4
Q

How does the medulla oblongata set heartbeat rhythm?

A
  • Controls rate at which SAN fires
  • Generates electrical impluses
  • Causes atria to contract
  • Sets rhythm of heartbeat
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5
Q

What does heart rate alter in response to?

A

Internal stimuli

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of impulses?

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

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7
Q

What type of receptor are baroreceptors?

A

Pressure receptors

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8
Q

What type of receptor are chemoreceptors?

A

Chemical receptors

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9
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

In the aortic and carotid bodies

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10
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found?

A

In the aortic and carotid bodies and medulla oblongata

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11
Q

What stimulates the baroreceptors?

A

High or low blood pressure

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12
Q

What stimulates the chemoreceptors?

A

Oxygen blood levels

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13
Q

What are 2 indicators of oxygen levels?

A

carbon Dioxide levels and pH levels

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14
Q

What is the automatic nervous system?

A

Nervous system operating without conscious control

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15
Q

What are the two types of nerves in the ANS?

A
  • Sympathetic nerve

- Parasympatheic nerve - vagus nerve

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16
Q

What type of nerve is the sympathetic nerve?

A

An accelerator

17
Q

What type of nerve is the parasympathetic nerve?

A

A deccelerator

18
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve do?

A

Gets body ready for action

19
Q

What does the parasympathetic nerve do?

A

Calms the body down

20
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve do in heart rate?

A
  • Stimulates SAN

- Increases heart rate during exercise

21
Q

What does the parasympathetic nerve do in heart rate?

A
  • Inhibits SAN

- Decreases heart rate after exercise

22
Q

How does the body and heart rate respond to high blood pressure? 6

A
  • Baroreceptors detect high blood pressure
  • Nervous impulses send impulses along parasympathetic nerves
  • Sent to cardiovascular control centre
  • Acetylcholine [neurotransmitter binds to receptor on SAN
  • Fires impulses less frequently
  • Slows heart rate and reduces blood pressure back to normal
23
Q

How does the body and heart rate respond to low blood pressure? 6

A
  • Baroreceptors detect low blood pressure
  • Nerve impulses sent along sympathetic nerve
  • Sent to cardiovascular control centre
  • Noraadrenaline binds to receptors on SAN
  • SAN fires impulses more frequently
  • Increases heart rate and blood pressure back to normal
24
Q

What indicators does the sympathetic nerve respond to?

A
  • High blood CO2
  • Low blood O2
  • Low pH levels
25
Q

What indicators does the parasympathetic nerve respond to?

A
  • High blood O2
  • Low blood CO2
  • High pH levels
26
Q

Describe the entire process of controlling heart rate during exercise - 14

A
  • Stimulus of exercise
  • Skeletal muscles contract
  • Stimulates stretch receptors in the muscles and tendons
  • Impulses sent to cardiovascular control centre
  • Heart rate increases
  • Stroke volume increases
  • SAN activity increases
  • AVN time delay increases
  • Ventricles contract with greater force
  • Cardiac output increases
  • Blood pressure increases
  • Batoreceptors sent nerve impulses to CCC
  • Inhibitory nerve impulses to SAN
  • Prevents rise in heart rate
27
Q

What other hormone is involved in control of heart rate?

A

Adrenaline

28
Q

How is adrenaline involved in the heart rate? 3

A
  • Affects SAN
  • Dilates arterioles going to skeletal muscles
  • Constricts those going to digestive system
29
Q

Where does control of ventilation occur?

A

Ventilation centre in medulla oblongata

30
Q

How is the breathing process controlled? 13

A
  • Inspiratory centre in the medulla oblongata sends nerve impulses to intercoastal and diaphragm muscles to make contract
  • Also sends impulses to expiratory centre inhibiting its action
  • Increases volume of lungs
  • Decreases pressure of lungs
  • Air enters lungs due to pressure difference
  • As lungs inflate, stretch receptors in bronchioles are stimulated
  • Send nerve impulses back to medulla oblongata
  • Inhibit action of inspiratory centre
  • Expiratory centre sends impulses to diaphragm and intercoastal muscles
  • They relax
  • Causes lungs to deflate, expelling air
  • Stretch receptors become inactive
  • Inspiratory centre no longer inhibited and cycle starts again
31
Q

How is breathing rate controlled? 11

A
  • CO2 levels increase
  • CO2 dissolves in blood plasma to make carbonic acid
  • Accumulates as hydrogen ions - lowers pH of blood
  • Chemoreceptors sensitive to pH in:
    1] Medulla oblongata 2]Aortic bodies 3]Carotid bodies
  • Detect decrease in pH
  • Send nerve impulses to medulla oblongata
  • Sends more frequent nerve impulses to diaphragm and intercoastal muscles
  • Increases rate and depth of breathing
  • Gaseous exchange rate increases
  • CO2 is removed and extra O2 supplied to muscles
  • Decrease in breathing rate and depth
32
Q

In exercise, what else other than the chemoreceptors sends impulses to the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Stretch receptors in muscles and tendons
  • Send nerve impulses to the motor cortex
  • Sends impulses to the medulla oblongata

Bio 7: Run For Your Life (11 decks)

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