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Anatomy > Nervous and locomotor > Flashcards

Nervous and locomotor Flashcards

1
Q

Does an afferent neurone transmit information away or to the CNS?

A

Towards.

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2
Q

Which type of neurone transmits information away from the CNS?

A

Efferent Neurone.

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3
Q

What do nerves consist of?

A

A collection of axons or dendrites.

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4
Q

What are plexuses?

A

A plexus is a network of nerve fibres formed by several individual nerve branches from different regions of the CNS fusing together.

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5
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies situated outside the CNS.

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6
Q

How many Cranial nerves are there and what is the tenth (X) called?

A

The vagus nerve.

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7
Q

What are the spaces through which the spinal nerves leave the vertebral column called?

A

Intervertebral foramina.

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8
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

The foramen (hole) in the skull through which the spinal cord emerges.

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9
Q

To which area of the spinal cord does the spinal column extend?

A

The intervertebral disc between L1 and L2.

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10
Q

What does the spinal cord start with and end up at?

A

Starts and is continuous with the medulla oblongata and ends in the conus medullaris.

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11
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater which is lined by the Arachnoid mater and the Pia mater which lines the actual white and grey matter.

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12
Q

Describe the changes in the nerves as they leave the CNS to when they form the Rami?

A

First there are several Dorsal and ventral rootlets which form one ventral root and one dorsal root, these then combine to form the spinal nerve and then divide again to form the Dorsal and ventral Rami.

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13
Q

What is the dentate ligament?

A

The delicate membrane that is formed between the spinal cord and the dura mater.

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14
Q

What is the filum terminal?

A

The fibrous remnants of the pia mater.

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15
Q

Where is the epidural space?

A

the space between the bones of the vertebral canal and the dura mater.

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16
Q

Does the dorsal rami contain only sensory fibres?

A

No, both as it is a branch of the spinal nerve, the same applies the the ventral ramus.

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17
Q

What is larger the Dorsal or ventral Rami?

A

Ventral ramus.

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18
Q

Whaich is posterior dorsal or ventral ramus?

A

Dorsal.

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19
Q

After the spinal nerve branches into the dorsal and ventral Rami, what are the different branches in the thoracic region?

A

Dorsal Ramus supplies the erector spine and skin above

Ventral Ramus branches to the lateral cutaneous branch supplying the side of the chest.

Then the anterior cutaneous branch, supplying the front of the chest

The lowest of the intercostal nerves also continue to supply the abdominal wall muscles and overlying skin.

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20
Q

Describe how a stimulus is noticed by a receptor and then travels to the CNS?

A

A sensory receptor in the skin/muscles/tendons receives stimulation and send an impulse along the nerve until it reaches the dorsal root ganglia which contains sensory cell bodies whose dendrites receive the information from the receptors, the axons of these cells then carry the information to the CNS.

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21
Q

After the sensory axons have entered the spinal cord, how is an impulse transmitted to the motor neurones and effectors?

A

The sensory axons synapse with a motor neurone or interneurone, which synapses with a a motor neurone, the motor neurone axon may leave the Spinal cord at the same segmental level or may be transmitted upwards through ascending pathways to integrating centres in the brain.

After this motor information may be transmitted through descending pathways to emerge at the ventral roots of the spinal cord.

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22
Q

Whats a myotome?

A

A region of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve.

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23
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurones located in the grey matter within the spinal cord?

A

The ventral horn.

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24
Q

Two different types of plexus?

A

Somatic plexus.

Autonomic plexus.

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25
Q

Where are the somatic plexuses located?

A

Cervical, brachial (top end of thoracic), Lumbar and sacral plexuses.

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26
Q

What effectors do the somatic plexuses supply?

A

Skin, voluntary skeletal muscle and joints.

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27
Q

Where are the autonomic plexuses found?

A

Thorax, abdomen and pelvis.

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28
Q

What effectors do the autonomic plexuses supply?

A

Blood vessels and viscera (Internal organs).

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29
Q

What is viscera?

A

Internal organs.

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30
Q

What spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

Ventral rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1.

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31
Q

What 5 main nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

Axillary, Radial, Musculocutaneous, Ulnar and Median.

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32
Q

Which of the brachial plexus nerves passes anteriorly?

A

Musculocutaneous, ulnar and median, MUM is in front!

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33
Q

Which of the brachial plexus nerves pass posteriorly?

A

Axillary and radial nerves.

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34
Q

Where do each of the brachial plexus nerves supply

A

Axillary - region around the shoulder.

Radial - back of the arm, forearm and hand.

Musculocutaneous - the arm

Ulnar - Forearm and hand (medially)

Median - forearm and hand (laterally).

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35
Q

What part of the spinal nerves forms the Lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

36
Q

What nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

The femoral and obturator.

37
Q

What spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?

A

L4-L5, S1-S4

38
Q

What main nerve is contained in the sacral plexus?

A

The Sciatic nerve.

39
Q

The ectoderm and mesoderm develop into what retrospectively?

A

Ectoderm - The skin.

Mesoderm - Skeletomuscular system.

40
Q

What is the apical ectodermal ridge? (AER)

A

A thickening on the ectoderm which is critical to normal limb development.

41
Q

What is the mesenchyme?

A

Undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue.

42
Q

The AER promotes proliferation of the underlying mesenchymal cells causing what?

A

causing the mesenchymal cell to differentiate to form cartilage and muscle.

43
Q

What forms the handplates and footplates in the developing foetus?

A

The distal parts of the limb buds.

44
Q

How are digits formed in the developing foetus?

A

Through apoptis of parts of the AER.

45
Q

What are tetratogens?

A

environmental toxins or drugs that the foetus is sensitive to during the 4th and 5th embryonic weeks.

46
Q

What is meromelia and amelia?

A

Amelia is complete absence of a limb due to development abnormality.

Meromelia is a partial absence.

47
Q

What way do the upper and lower limbs in a fetus rotate to form the spiralling of the dermatomes seen in adults.

A

Upper limb rotates laterally.

Lower limb rotates medially.

48
Q

Where are the efferent sympathetic neurones located?

A

T1 - L2, thoracolumbar.

49
Q

What is paravertebral?

A

Alongside the vertebral column.

50
Q

What is prevertebral?

A

In front of or anterior to the vertebral column.

51
Q

Describe the arrangement of the paravertebral ganglia.

A

Paired structures lying either side of the vertebral column to form the sympathetic chain,

associated with all spinal spinal nerves apart form the cranial nerves.

Connected to the spinal nerves through the Rami Communicans.

52
Q

How is the sympathetic paravertebral column arranged in the cervical region?

A

Fused to form three pairs: the superior middle and inferior.

53
Q

Describe the structure of the prevertebral ganglia.

A

lie in front of the vertebral column emeshed in plexuses. They are made up of preganglionic sympathetic axons which have passed through but not synapsed in the paravertebral column.

54
Q

What are the splanchnic nerves?

A

Nerves that supply the viscera (internal organs).

55
Q

How are the blood vessels and sweat glands nervously supplied?

A

Through a sympathetic autonomic nerve supply, which reaches the trunk through the thoracic spinal nerves and intercostal nerves by way of the paravertebral sympathetic chain.

56
Q

through what plexuses are the limbs supplied by a sympathetic autonomic nerve supply?

A

Through the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses respectively.

57
Q

How do the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel to the upper limbs?

A

Emerge from the spinal cord at upper thoracic levels and travel up the sympathetic chain until they reach the paravertebral ganglia associated with the spinal nerves that make up the brachial plexus, (C5 - T1)

58
Q

Where are the parasympathetic neurones located on the spinal cord?

A

Cranial or sacral (cranio-sacral outflow)

59
Q

In terms of distance travelled in the body before preganglionic neurones synapse with postganlionic neurones what is the difference in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres?

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibres synapse much closer the the organ than sympathetic.

60
Q

Which cranial nerves also emerge with parasympathetic neurones from the brain stem?

A

III, VII, IX and X.

61
Q

Which spinal nerves also emerge with parasympathetic neurones from the spinal cord?

A

S2-S4.

62
Q

Is there a parasympathetic nerve supply to the limbs?

A

No.

63
Q

What are the afferent nerves of the ANS associated with?

A

Cranial nerves (parasympathetic afferents)

Sinal nerves (dorsal root ganglia) in sympathetic or pelvic parasympathetic afferents.

64
Q

What may afferent sensory axons associated with in the body?

A

Local reflex arcs, or higher centres in the ANS in the brain.

65
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The point of the end of the spinal cord.

66
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12 pairs.

67
Q

How many cervical nerves

A

8 Pairs.

68
Q

How many thoracic nerves?

A

12 pairs.

69
Q

How many lumbar nerves?

A

5 pairs.

70
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves?

A

5 sacral pairs.

71
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves?

A

1 pair.

72
Q

Whats a dermatone ?

A

unilateral area of skin receiving innervation from a single spinal nerve.

73
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Unilateral portion of skeletal muscle receiving innervation from only one spinal nerve.

74
Q

What are the visceral afferents?

A

collective name for the sensory (afferent nerve fibres) of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic.)

75
Q

What is a rami communicantes?

A

Small nerves that connect the spinal nerves to the sympathetic chain ganglia.

76
Q

Why is the sympathetic nerve supply to the adrenal medulla special?

A

preganglionic axons do not synapse in the sympathetic chain or the prevertebral ganglia but synapse directly on cells of the adrenal medulla.

77
Q

Describe where the three layers of the meninges are and their thickness, also describe where the sub-arachnoid space is.

A

The dura Mater is the thickest and most outward layer.

The arachnoid mater lines the dura mater and is very thin

There is then a space full of CSF called the sub-arachnoid space.

The pia mater then lines the actual spinal cord and is very thin.

78
Q

Where is the epidural space?

A

In between the dura mater and vertebral foramina.

79
Q

How is the nervous supply to the viscera (internal organs) brought about by the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems?

A

Sympathetic: Through splanchnic nerves forming pre-vertebral ganglia and supplying the viscera/

Parasymapathetic: Through the vagus nerve and it’s branches.

80
Q

What do visceral afferents accompany when transporting round the body?

A

Motor fibres of the ANS.

81
Q

What transports sensations of pain around the body?

A

Visceral afferents.

82
Q

What spinal nerves does the parasympathetic nervous system travel in?

A

S2, 3 and 4.

83
Q

Four possible routes for preganglionic sympathetic neurones to take before leaving the sympathetic chain?

A
  1. Synapse in the chain at the same level and leave at the same level.

2/3. Ascend or descend and synapse with a postganglionic neurone at a different level.

  1. Pass through the chain without synapsing.
84
Q

Which rami communicantes is white and which grey?

A

Postganglionic - grey

Preganglionic - white

85
Q

Which is faster somatic or autonomic?

A

Somatic - fast.

Autonomic - slower.

86
Q

Can the ANS be stimulated by the somatic and ANS?

A

Yes - both.

87
Q

Which plexus, lumbar or sacral is anterior to the ilium?

A

Sacral.

Anatomy (5 decks)

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