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my class > Nervous and Endocrine system > Flashcards

Nervous and Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that stimulate specific cells

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2
Q

What does Hypothalamus do?

A

Releases regulatory hormones to signal pituitary gland to produce hormones

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3
Q

Where is pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the brain within the sell turcica (of sphenoid bone)

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4
Q

What are the two lobes of pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior lobe

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5
Q

Which lobe of pituitary gland has extensive capillaries system?

A

Anterior lobe (every endocrine cell has access to blood stream)

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6
Q

Hormones produced by anterior pituitary glands?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Growth hormone (HGH)

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7
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

target?

A

Thyroid gland

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8
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates?

A

secretion of estrogens in male & female
for sperm and egg

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9
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

stimulates?

A

induces ovulation and production of androgens

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10
Q

Growth hormone (HGH)

stimulates?

A

cell growth and repliocation
promotes protein synthesis
(targets all cells)

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11
Q

Hormones produced by posterior pituitary gland?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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12
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

does what?

A

regulates blood volume
water intake from kidneys
water resorption by collecting duct

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13
Q

Oxytocin

stimulates?

A

contraction during childbirth
contraction in vas deferens/prostate
lactation (milk production)

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14
Q

Effects of alcohol on Antidiruetic hormone (ADH)?

A

alcohol blocks release of ADH = no water reabsorption at collecting duct
dehydration, salt and water imbalance, higher volume of dilute urine

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15
Q

Thyroid gland

function?

A

produce thyroid hormones which regulates metabolic rate, O2 consumption, development

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16
Q

Thymus gland

function?

A

developing and maintaining immune defenses

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17
Q

What is thymic involution?

A

thymus gland shrinks as we grow (largest at birth and reduces around puberty)

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18
Q

Adrenal gland

function?

A

produce hormones for metabolic operations

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19
Q

Adrenal cortex: Zona glomerulosa

A

first/top layer of cortex
secretes hormones to increase renal reabsorption of sodium ions and water; blood homeostasis

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20
Q

Adrenal cortex: Zona fasciculata

A

second/middle layer of cortex
secretes hormones to promote production of glucose and glycogen in liver

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21
Q

Adrenal cortex: Zona reticularis

A

third/bottom layer of cortex
secretes androgens for development in puberty

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22
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
fight or flight response

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23
Q

Functions of Nervous system?

A

sensory input, integration, motor output

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24
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

consists of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

consists of?

A

Nerves and ganglia

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26
Q

PNS regions?

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – skin, skeletal, muscular
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – digestion, heart, lungs

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27
Q

Types of neurons?

A

Unipolar – single process from a cell body (uncommon in human)
Bipolar – two processes with a cell body in between
Pseudounipolar – axon and dendrite with cell body off the side
Multipola – multiple dendrites (majority of neaurons in human body)

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28
Q

What is myelin sheeth made of?

A

schwann cells

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29
Q

What is node of ranvier?

A

gap between schwann cells (speed up signal)

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30
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

A

autoimmune disease that attacks myelin sheeth in brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

What are some symptoms/signs of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

A

blurred vision, muscle fatigue, lost of balance, lost of train of thought, slow neurons

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32
Q

What are the layers of meninges? (outtermost to innermost)

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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33
Q

What is Conus Medullaris?

A

region where spindal cord ends

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34
Q

What is Cauda Equina?

A

collections of nerve roots; innervates lower body

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35
Q

What is Filum Terminale?

A

central filament anchoring spindal cord to coccyx

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36
Q

Where is epidural injected in the spine?

A

vertebral canal, external to dura mater

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37
Q

What nerve innervates the Diaphragm muscle?

A

Phrenic nerve

38
Q

Brachial Plexus divisions?

A

Spinal nerves, trunks. cords, and nerves

39
Q

Brachial Plexus injuries

A

Median N: hand of benediction (can’t fist)
Ulnar N: clawhand
Radial N: wrist drop (can’t extend hand)

40
Q

What is gray matter and what does it do?

A

concentration of nerve cell bodies
for integration/processing information

41
Q

What is Falx cerebri?

A

separates left & right cerebrum

42
Q

What is Tentorium cerebelli?

A

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

43
Q

What is Falx cerebelli?

A

separates left and right cerebrellar

44
Q

What is Arachnoid granulation?

A

holes in arachnoid mater for waste removal from CSF

45
Q

what does CSF do?

A

protect, support, noursh the brain

46
Q

where is CSF located in the brain?

A

between arachnoid mater and pia mater

47
Q

where is CSF produced in the brain?

A

produced at choroid plexus in: lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

48
Q

Forebrain

consist of?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon

49
Q

Brainstem

consist of?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

50
Q

Midbrain

consist of

A
  • superior colliculus (visual reflexes)
  • inferior collucular (auditory reflexes)
  • cerebral pedunccles
51
Q

Cerebellum

function?

A

smooths and coordinates movement
maintain posture and equilibrium

52
Q

what connects two hemisphere of cerebellum

A

vermis

53
Q

what is the white matter in cerebellum called?

A

Arbor vitae (sends info back and forth to spinal cord)

54
Q

what is the gray matter in cerebellum called

A

Folia (integration)

55
Q

Diencephalon

made up of?

A

Thalamus – gateway to cerebrum
Hypothalamus – visceral control center
Pineal gland/Epithalamus –secretes melatonin

56
Q

What is the fissure that separates left and right hemisphere of cerebrum

A

Longitudinal fissure

57
Q

Cerebrum

Prefrontal cortex

function?

A
  • integrates processed information with memories
  • make better decision w/ more information/experience
58
Q

Cerebrum

Primary somatosensory cortex

function

A

integrates sensory information

59
Q

Cerebrum

Primary motor cortex

function

A

controls motor functions
initiate voluntary movement

60
Q

Cerebrum

Primary auditory cortex

function?

A
  • receives auditory info from inner ear (hearing)
    connect w/ prefrontal cortex using memories and experience
61
Q

Cerebrum

Primary visual cortex

function

A
  • receives visual info from retina (vision/light sensor)
  • orientation of objects
  • merge images from each eye
    connect w/ prefrontal cortex using memories/experience
62
Q

Cranial Nerve

Olfactory Nerve (CN I)

function and location?

A

Sensory: olfaction (smell)
Location: passes through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

63
Q

Cranial Nerve

Optic Nerve (CN II)

function and location

A

Sensory: vision/light sensor
Location: passes through optic canal of sphenoid bone

64
Q

Cranial Nerve

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

function and location

A

Motor: moves extrinsic eye muscles
Location: passes through superior orbital fissure

65
Q

Cranial Nerve

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)

function and location

A

Motor: moves extrinsic eye muscles – superior oblique M
Location: passes through superior orbital fissure

66
Q

Cranial Nerve

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

function and location

A

Motor: Mastication MM – temporalis, pteregoid, masseter M
Sensory: Face and oral cavity
Location:
- maxillary division: through foramen rotundum (sphenoid)
- opthalmic division: through superior orbital fissure
- madibular division: through foramen ovale (sphenoid)

67
Q

Cranial Nerve

Abducens Nerve (CN VI)

function and location

A

Motor: moves extrinsic eye muscle/abduct eye – lateral rectucs M
Location: passes through superior orbital fissures

68
Q

Cranial Nerve

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

function and location

A

Motor: Facial muscles
Sensory: anterior tongue (taste), glands
Location: passes through internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone

69
Q

Cranial Nerve

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

function and location

A

Sensory: hearing and equillibrium (balance)
Location: passes through internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone

70
Q

Cranial Nerve

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

function and location

A

Motor: pharynx and parotid gland
Sensory: posterior tongue (taste)
Location: passes through jugular foramen

71
Q

Cranial Nerve

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

function and location

A

Motor: pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera (internal organs)
Sensory: thoracic and abdominal viscera
Location: passes through jugular foramen

72
Q

What does Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve do?

A

innervates larynx (curves around the aortic arch)
splits from vagus nerve

73
Q

Cranial Nerve

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

function and location

A

Motor: trapezius M and sternocleidomastoid M; turn the head
Location: passes through jugular foramen

74
Q

Cranial Nerve

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

function and location

A

Motor: muscles of tongue
Location: hypoglossal canal of occipital bone

75
Q

What cranial nerve(s) passes through cribriform plate of ethmoid?

A

Olfactory Nerve (CN I)

76
Q

What cranial nerve(s) passes through optic canal of sphenoid?

A

Optic Nerve (CN II)

77
Q

What cranial nerve(s) passes through superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
Trochelar Nerve (CN IV)
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Abducens Nerve (CN VI)

78
Q

What cranial nerve(s) passes through internal acoustic meatus?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

79
Q

What cranial nerve(s) passes through jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

80
Q

What cranial nerve(s) passes through hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

81
Q

What cranial nerve(s) is for taste?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII) – anterior tongue
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) – posterior tongue

82
Q

What cranial nerve(s) is for smell?

A

Olfactory Nerve (CN I)

83
Q

What cranial nerve(s) is for vision/light sensor?

A

Optic Nerve (CN II)

84
Q

Pupil

functions?

A

allows light into eye

85
Q

Iris

functions?

A

controls diameter of pupil

86
Q

Tears flow?

A

Lacrimal gland > eye > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > nasal cavity

87
Q

What cranial nerve(s) is for hearing and equilibrium?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

88
Q

External ear

includes?

A

Auricle, external acoustic meatus

89
Q

Middle ear

includes?

A

Tympanic membrain, malleolus, incus, stapes, eustachian/auditory tube

90
Q

Inner ear (labyrinth)

includes?

A

semicircular canal (equillibrium), cochlea (sound)

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