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Nervous and Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that stimulate specific cells

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2
Q

What does Hypothalamus do?

A

Releases regulatory hormones to signal pituitary gland to produce hormones

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3
Q

Where is pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the brain within the sell turcica (of sphenoid bone)

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4
Q

What are the two lobes of pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior lobe

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5
Q

Which lobe of pituitary gland has extensive capillaries system?

A

Anterior lobe (every endocrine cell has access to blood stream)

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6
Q

Hormones produced by anterior pituitary glands?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Growth hormone (HGH)

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7
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

target?

A

Thyroid gland

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8
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates?

A

secretion of estrogens in male & female
for sperm and egg

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9
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

stimulates?

A

induces ovulation and production of androgens

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10
Q

Growth hormone (HGH)

stimulates?

A

cell growth and repliocation
promotes protein synthesis
(targets all cells)

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11
Q

Hormones produced by posterior pituitary gland?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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12
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

does what?

A

regulates blood volume
water intake from kidneys
water resorption by collecting duct

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13
Q

Oxytocin

stimulates?

A

contraction during childbirth
contraction in vas deferens/prostate
lactation (milk production)

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14
Q

Effects of alcohol on Antidiruetic hormone (ADH)?

A

alcohol blocks release of ADH = no water reabsorption at collecting duct
dehydration, salt and water imbalance, higher volume of dilute urine

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15
Q

Thyroid gland

function?

A

produce thyroid hormones which regulates metabolic rate, O2 consumption, development

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16
Q

Thymus gland

function?

A

developing and maintaining immune defenses

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17
Q

What is thymic involution?

A

thymus gland shrinks as we grow (largest at birth and reduces around puberty)

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18
Q

Adrenal gland

function?

A

produce hormones for metabolic operations

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19
Q

Adrenal cortex: Zona glomerulosa

A

first/top layer of cortex
secretes hormones to increase renal reabsorption of sodium ions and water; blood homeostasis

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20
Q

Adrenal cortex: Zona fasciculata

A

second/middle layer of cortex
secretes hormones to promote production of glucose and glycogen in liver

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21
Q

Adrenal cortex: Zona reticularis

A

third/bottom layer of cortex
secretes androgens for development in puberty

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22
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
fight or flight response

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23
Q

Functions of Nervous system?

A

sensory input, integration, motor output

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24
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

consists of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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25
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | consists of?
Nerves and ganglia
26
PNS regions?
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – skin, skeletal, muscular Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – digestion, heart, lungs
27
Types of neurons?
Unipolar – single process from a cell body (uncommon in human) Bipolar – two processes with a cell body in between Pseudounipolar – axon and dendrite with cell body off the side Multipola – multiple dendrites (majority of neaurons in human body)
28
What is myelin sheeth made of?
schwann cells
29
What is node of ranvier?
gap between schwann cells (speed up signal)
30
What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
autoimmune disease that attacks myelin sheeth in brain and spinal cord
31
What are some **symptoms/signs** of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
blurred vision, muscle fatigue, lost of balance, lost of train of thought, slow neurons
32
What are the layers of **meninges**? (outtermost to innermost)
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
33
What is Conus Medullaris?
region where spindal cord ends
34
What is Cauda Equina?
collections of nerve roots; innervates lower body
35
What is Filum Terminale?
central filament anchoring spindal cord to coccyx
36
Where is epidural injected in the spine?
vertebral canal, external to dura mater
37
What nerve innervates the Diaphragm muscle?
Phrenic nerve
38
Brachial Plexus divisions?
Spinal nerves, trunks. cords, and nerves
39
Brachial Plexus injuries
Median N: hand of benediction (can't fist) Ulnar N: clawhand Radial N: wrist drop (can't extend hand)
40
What is gray matter and what does it do?
concentration of nerve cell bodies for integration/processing information
41
What is Falx cerebri?
separates left & right cerebrum
42
What is Tentorium cerebelli?
separates cerebrum and cerebellum
43
What is Falx cerebelli?
separates left and right cerebrellar
44
What is Arachnoid granulation?
holes in arachnoid mater for waste removal from CSF
45
what does CSF do?
protect, support, noursh the brain
46
where is CSF located in the brain?
between arachnoid mater and pia mater
47
where is CSF produced in the brain?
produced at choroid plexus in: lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle
48
Forebrain | consist of?
Cerebrum Diencephalon
49
Brainstem | consist of?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
50
Midbrain | consist of
- superior colliculus (visual reflexes) - inferior collucular (auditory reflexes) - cerebral pedunccles
51
Cerebellum | function?
smooths and coordinates movement maintain posture and equilibrium
52
what connects two hemisphere of cerebellum
vermis
53
what is the white matter in cerebellum called?
Arbor vitae (sends info back and forth to spinal cord)
54
what is the gray matter in cerebellum called
Folia (integration)
55
Diencephalon | made up of?
Thalamus – gateway to cerebrum Hypothalamus – visceral control center Pineal gland/Epithalamus –secretes melatonin
56
What is the fissure that separates left and right hemisphere of cerebrum
Longitudinal fissure
57
# Cerebrum Prefrontal cortex | function?
- integrates processed information with memories - make better decision w/ more information/experience
58
# Cerebrum Primary somatosensory cortex | function
integrates sensory information
59
# Cerebrum Primary motor cortex | function
controls motor functions initiate voluntary movement
60
# Cerebrum Primary auditory cortex | function?
- receives auditory info from inner ear (hearing) connect w/ prefrontal cortex using memories and experience
61
# Cerebrum Primary visual cortex | function
- receives visual info from retina (vision/light sensor) - orientation of objects - merge images from each eye connect w/ prefrontal cortex using memories/experience
62
# Cranial Nerve Olfactory Nerve (CN I) | function and location?
**Sensory**: olfaction (smell) Location: passes through **cribriform** plate of ethmoid bone
63
# Cranial Nerve Optic Nerve (CN II) | function and location
**Sensory**: vision/light sensor Location: passes through **optic canal** of sphenoid bone
64
# Cranial Nerve Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) | function and location
**Motor**: moves **extrinsic eye muscles** Location: passes through **superior orbital fissure**
65
# Cranial Nerve Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) | function and location
**Motor**: moves **extrinsic eye muscles** – **superior oblique M** Location: passes through **superior orbital fissure**
66
# Cranial Nerve Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) | function and location
**Motor: Mastication MM** – temporalis, pteregoid, masseter M **Sensory: Face and oral cavity** Location: - **maxillary** division: through **foramen rotundum** (sphenoid) - **opthalmic** division: through **superior orbital fissure** - **madibular** division: through **foramen ovale** (sphenoid)
67
# Cranial Nerve Abducens Nerve (CN VI) | function and location
**Motor**: moves extrinsic eye muscle/**abduct eye – lateral rectucs M** Location: passes through **superior orbital fissures**
68
# Cranial Nerve Facial Nerve (CN VII) | function and location
**Motor: Facial muscles** **Sensory: anterior tongue (taste), glands** Location: passes through **internal acoustic meatus** of temporal bone
69
# Cranial Nerve Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) | function and location
**Sensory: hearing and equillibrium (balance)** Location: passes through **internal acoustic meatus** of temporal bone
70
# Cranial Nerve Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) | function and location
**Motor: pharynx and parotid gland** **Sensory: posterior tongue (taste)** Location: passes through **jugular foramen**
71
# Cranial Nerve Vagus Nerve (CN X) | function and location
**Motor: pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera (internal organs)** **Sensory: thoracic and abdominal viscera** Location: passes through **jugular foramen**
72
What does Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve do?
innervates larynx (curves around the aortic arch) splits from vagus nerve
73
# Cranial Nerve Accessory Nerve (CN XI) | function and location
**Motor**: **trapezius** M and **sternocleidomastoid** M; **turn the head** Location: passes through **jugular foramen**
74
# Cranial Nerve Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) | function and location
**Motor: muscles of tongue** Location: **hypoglossal canal** of occipital bone
75
What cranial nerve(s) passes through **cribriform plate of ethmoid**?
Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
76
What cranial nerve(s) passes through **optic canal of sphenoid**?
Optic Nerve (CN II)
77
What cranial nerve(s) passes through **superior orbital fissure**?
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) Trochelar Nerve (CN IV) Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
78
What cranial nerve(s) passes through **internal acoustic meatus**?
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
79
What cranial nerve(s) passes through **jugular foramen**?
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Vagus Nerve (CN X) Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
80
What cranial nerve(s) passes through **hypoglossal canal**?
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
81
What cranial nerve(s) is for **taste**?
Facial Nerve (CN VII) – anterior tongue Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) – posterior tongue
82
What cranial nerve(s) is for **smell**?
Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
83
What cranial nerve(s) is for **vision/light sensor**?
Optic Nerve (CN II)
84
Pupil | functions?
allows light into eye
85
Iris | functions?
controls diameter of pupil
86
Tears flow?
Lacrimal gland > eye > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > nasal cavity
87
What cranial nerve(s) is for **hearing and equilibrium**?
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
88
External ear | includes?
Auricle, external acoustic meatus
89
Middle ear | includes?
Tympanic membrain, malleolus, incus, stapes, eustachian/auditory tube
90
Inner ear (labyrinth) | includes?
semicircular canal (equillibrium), cochlea (sound)

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