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Anaphy > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

Highly cellular, composed of closely packed cells,

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2
Q

Two cells in the nervous tissue?

A

Neurons & supporting cells

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3
Q

Neuron or nerve cell

A

Structural or functional unit of the nervous system exhibit irritability (react to stimulus) and conductivity (transmit stimulus)

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4
Q

3 categories of neuron cells

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, intercalated neurons

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5
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Convey impulses from receptors to CNS

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6
Q

Somatic afferent
(Sensory)
Visceral Afferent

A

Somatic afferents fibers (external) touch, temperature, sensation of pain and pressure from the body surface

Visceral afferents fibers (internal)
Transmit pain and other sensations from internal organs (mucous membranes, blood vessels, glands etc,)

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7
Q

Motors neurons

A

Impulses from CNS to ganglia or effector cells

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8
Q

Somatic efferent
(Motor)
Visceral efferent

A

sends voluntary impulses to skeletal muscles

sends involuntary impulses to smooth muscles.

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9
Q

Intercalated neurons

A

communication and sensory network between motor and sensory neurons

99.9% of the neurons belong to this network

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10
Q

Components of a neuron
(

A

Cell body and Processes (axon and dendrites)

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11
Q

Cell body

A

Cell body (perikaryon), nucleus surrounded by basophilic cytoplasm (neuroplasm) and enclosed by cell membrane (neurolemma)

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12
Q

Processes
Axons

Dendrites

A

Only one in neuron, the longest process transmits impulses to specialized terminals called synapses.

shorter processes that transmit impulses from periphery to cell body

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13
Q

Neurons based on amount of processes

A

Multipolar, bipolar, pseudo unipolar/ unipolar

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14
Q

Multipolar

A

2 or more dendrites, 1 axon. Dendrites and cellbody serve as receptors

Motor and inter neurons constitute most of the multipolar neurons

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15
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

1 dendrite 1 axon quite rare for the special senses vestibular for ear, cochlea nerve (spiral ganglion) and retina for the eye

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16
Q

Pseudounipolar and unipolar

A

Only has 1 process the axon, divides bears the cell body into 2 axonal branched, majority are sensory neurons

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17
Q

Perikaryon (additional)

A

Protein producing, neuro plasm and neurolemma

Has abundant RER and ribosomes hence the protein

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18
Q

RER or nissil bodies

A

Basophilic granular masses with ribo

Abundant through tout peri but not in axon and axon hillock

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19
Q

3 Cytoskeleton of neurons

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

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20
Q

Microfilaments

A

Finest of the fibrillar, 5 nm, made up of F actin

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21
Q

Intermediate filaments or neuro filaments

A

10 nm in diameter, present in cell body and processes, abundant in axon, fix the diameter and of axon and dendrites and provide internal support for cell

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22
Q

Microtubules / Neurotubules

A

Internal support for neurons, strengthen synapses, intracellular transport of organelles and secretory vesicles

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23
Q

Dendrites

A

Carry impulses to body, greater diameter than axon, unmyellinated arborization called dendrite trees

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24
Q

Axon

A

Axon originates from axon hillock which lacks Golgi apparatus and nissil bodies
Conveys info away from body

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25
Q

Axolemma
Sciatic nerve

A

Cell membrane of axon
Nerve made of longest axons

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26
Q

Boutons/ Terminals

A

swellings around axons
At end terminal boutons
Within the axon length, bouton en passant
Axonal transport (can move substances through axon)

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27
Q

2 forms of axonal transport

A

Anterograde and retrograde

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28
Q

Anterograde

A

Movement of substances from peri to axon terminals KINESIN microtubule motor protein that use atp involved in transport

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29
Q

Retrograde

A

From terminal to peri DYNEIN

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30
Q

Coverings of axons

A

Neurilemmal sheath a.k.a schwanns sheath envelops axons made of flattened cells, with flattened nuclei called schwanns cells (produce myelin sheath)

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31
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Points of discontinuity within successive Schwann cells

32
Q

2 types of axons based on myelin

A

Myelinated and unmyelinated

33
Q

Myelin

A

Nerve impulse faster in myelin
Made up of Schwann sheath

34
Q

Schmidtlantermann incisures

A

Points of separation between layers of myelin in myelin sheath

35
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Covering of a bunch of neurons with myelin sheath but for the CNS instead of the PNS (Schwann cells)

36
Q

Nerve fiber

A

Made of axon + myelin sheath + Schwann sheath + basal lamina

In enevelope by tissue called endoneurium

37
Q

Synapses

A

Specialized junctions between neurons that facilitate impulse transmission from presynaptic to postsynaptic

Also r between axons and effector cells

38
Q

Impulses synapses transmit

A

Electrical & chemical

39
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Rarely occurs, consist of gap junctions (brain stem, retinal cerebral cortex area)

Does not require neurotransmitter

40
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Common, nerve impulse is all impulse and are transmitted by neurotransmitters

Presynaptic transmit impulse
Post synaptic receive impulse

41
Q

Axon terminal bouton (chem)

A

Part of synapse has synaptic vesicles that has neurotransmitters

42
Q

Synapses composition

A

Presynaptic membrane made of axolemma of presynaptic

Postsynaptic made of thickened membrane of post synaptic cell

Synaptic cleft 20-30 nm gal which has poly sacks and intersynsptic filaments

43
Q

Synapses between neurons morphological classification

A

Axodendric - between axon + dendrites

Axosomatic between axon + cell body

Axo axonic between axon + axon

44
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter between axons and striated muscles at the neuro muscular junction\

Neurotransmitter of the ANS (autonomous nervous system)

45
Q

Cholnergic neurons

A

Use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter

46
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine, nor epinephrine or dopamine

Catecholaminergic neruons use catecholamines as neurotransmitter

47
Q

6 neutransmiters in ze body

A

Acetylcholine, catecholamines, serotonin, amino acid y, nitric oxide, small peptides

48
Q

Serotonin

A

Serotonheric uses serotonin as neurotransmitter

49
Q

Amino acid Y

A

Anything with ate and ine and ice and ide are used as neuro transmitters in the CNS

50
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Synthesized with the synapse and is used immediately

51
Q

Slow transport

A

0.2 - 4mm/ day anterograde only

52
Q

Fast transpo

A

Both antero and retro 20- 400 mm/day

Retro transport followed by viruses and toxic that enter CNS through nerve endings

53
Q

Supporting cells of nervous system

A

Neuralgia

54
Q

Peripheral and central neuroglia

A

1st supports PNS (Schwann cells, satellite cells, other cells) second supports CNS

55
Q

Other cells of periphery neuroglia

A

Terminal neuroglia - motors skills
Enteric neuroglia ganglia cells
Muller cells - Retina

56
Q

Parts that are not covered by myelin

A

Terminal arborizations and the axon hillock

57
Q

Schwann cells

A

Nurture and envelope unmyelinated fibers, produce myelinated sheath, clean us up PNS and guides PNS GROWTH

58
Q

Thickness of myelin

A

Dependent on axon diameter and not Schwann size

Regulated by neuregulin (NRG1) transmemebrane portien on the axolemma

59
Q

Unmyelineatded

A

Eme eloped by Schwann and external lamina

60
Q

Satellite cells

A

Cuboidal around cell body, electrical insulation, PNS counterpart of astrocytes

61
Q

Central Neuroglia (AOME)

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal

62
Q

Astro

A

Largest and most abundant star shaped

63
Q

2 kinds of astro

A

Protoplasmic and Fibrous astro

64
Q

Protoplasmic Astor

A

Most prevalent in gray matter areas of spinal and brain

65
Q

Fibrous Astro

A

Longer more slender processes present in white matter

66
Q

Glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP)

A

Both Astros contain prominent bundles of intermediate filaments , more filaments on fibrous. Fibrous acytomas causes 80% of brain tumors

67
Q

Astrocytes function

A

Movement of metabs, maintain tight junction of blood brain barrier

Cover bare areas of nodes of mylineatednaxoms at nodes of ranvier amd synapses

Confine neuro transmitters to the synaptic cleft. Remove exces by pino

Regulates potasssium conc in brains outside and modulate neuron activites. Potassium spatial buffering (self explan)

68
Q

Protoplasmic function

A

Extended processes known as Subpial feet to basal laminate of the Lia to form GLia limitans, an kinda impermeable membrane surrounding CNS

69
Q

Oligodendrocyted

A

Produce and maintain myelin sheath, smaller, fewer, shorter than Astro

Located mainly in white matter
Are aligned in rows with axons

70
Q

Microglial cells

A

Smaller than other two, phagocytoses cell

Originate from mono cutee
Mediate neuroimmune conditions chronic pain conditions

71
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Simple cuboidal, lines cavities of CNS. Secretory epithelium linking of choroid plexuses secrete cerebrospinal fluid

72
Q

Meninges

A

Cover brain and spinal
Dura made of collage boys connective tissue pia mater
Arachnoid

73
Q

Epidural space

A

Site for anesthesia introduction
Between periosterium and dura mater

74
Q

Subdural

A

Between meningeal dura and arachnoid membrane

75
Q
A
76
Q
A
77
Q
A

Anaphy (2 decks)

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