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Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

• branch of
medicine that
specializes in
diagnosing &
treating
nervous system
disorders

A

NEUROLOGY

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2
Q

• the means of communication
of the nervous system

A

NERVE IMPULSE

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3
Q

• or “action potential “ or
“electrical signal“

A

NERVE IMPULSE

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4
Q

FUNCTIONS of the
Nervous System
• Sensory receptor
monitors stimuli or changes in
the body’s internal & external
environment
sends its gathered information
or input to the brain & spinal
cord

A

SENSORY FUNCTION

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5
Q

• the analysis & interpretation of
sensory input & making decisions
consciously or unconsciously

A

INTEGRATION

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6
Q

FUNCTIONS of the
Nervous System
• may produce any of the ff.:
✓ immediate response
✓ information stored as
memory
✓ ignoring of the input

A

INTEGRATION

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7
Q

•major
organs for
processing
sensory input
& initiating
responses

A

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

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8
Q

•specific areas in
the brain &
spinal cord w/c
process particular
inputs

A

CONTROL CENTERS

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9
Q

FUNCTIONS of the
Nervous System
• sending of commands or motor
outputs to activate effector organs:
✓ voluntary or conscious control:
skeletal muscles
✓ involuntary or unconscious
control: smooth & cardiac
muscles, glands

A

MOTOR FUNCTION

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10
Q

DIVISIONS of the Nervous
System
✓ includes the brain & spinal
cord, w/c occupies the cranial &
vertebral cavities, respectively.

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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11
Q

DIVISIONS of the Nervous
System
✓ comprise sensory receptors &
all nerves outside the CNS
✓ relays information to & from the
CNS

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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12
Q

DIVISIONS of the Nervous
System
2. Functional Divisions of the PNS
✓ conveys impulses to the CNS
from sensory receptors located
in various parts of the body

A

SENSORY OR AFFERENT DIVISION

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13
Q
  1. Functional Divisions of the PNS
    a) Sensory or Afferent division
    ✓ associated w/ muscles, joints,
    & skin
A

SOMATOSENSORY RECEPTORS

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14
Q
  1. Functional Divisions of the PNS
    a) Sensory or Afferent division
    ✓ found in the ear, eye, nose, &
    tongue
A

SPECIAL SENSE RECEPTORS

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15
Q

DIVISIONS of the Nervous
System
2. Functional Divisions of the PNS
a) Sensory or Afferent division
✓ found in the internal organs

A

AUTONOMIC/VISCERAL SENSORY RECEPTORS

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16
Q

DIVISIONS of the Nervous
System
2. Functional Divisions of the PNS
✓ carries impulses from the CNS to
effector organs (muscles &
glands)
✓ subdivided into (1) somatic & (2)
autonomic divisions

A

MOTOR OR EFFERENT DIVISION

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17
Q

DIVISIONS of the Nervous
System
2. Functional Divisions of the PNS
b) Motor or Efferent division
✓ regulates activities under
voluntary control
✓ initiates skeletal muscle
actions

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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18
Q

DIVISIONS of the Nervous
System
2. Functional Divisions of the PNS
b) Motor or Efferent division
✓ regulates involuntary actions
(e.g. heart rate, BP, body temp.)
✓ involves cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle & glandular tissue

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

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19
Q

DIVISIONS of the Nervous
System
2. Functional Divisions of the PNS
b.2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
✓ has two (2) subdivisions:
supports “fight-or-
•flight” responses or emergency
actions

A

SYMAETHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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20
Q

DIVISIONS of the Nervous
System
2. Functional Divisions of the PNS
b) Motor or Efferent division
b.2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
✓ has two (2) subdivisions:
•supports “rest-and-
digest” activities

A

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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21
Q

TYPES of CELLS in Nervous
Tissue

A

NEURON
NEUROGLIA

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22
Q

THE NEURON Parts

A

DENDRITE
CELL BODY
AXON

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23
Q

• or “glia “ or “glial cells”
• collective term for
supporting cells of the
nervous system
• outnumber the neurons
• found in both CNS & PNS

A

NEUROGLIA

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24
Q

• Support, protect & nourish neurons
• Divide by mitosis
• Do NOT transmit nerve impulses

A

CHARACTERISTICS OF
NEUROGLIA

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25
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
• star-shaped cells
• most abundant glial cells of
the CNS

A

ASTROCYTES

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26
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
• functions:
✓ hold neurons in place
✓ regulate exchange of
substances to & from CNS
neurons

A

ASTROCYTES

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27
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
• functions:
✓ form the blood–brain
barrier to protect neurons
from harmful chemicals

A

ASTROCYTES

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28
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
• spider-like cells
• phagocytes of CNS
• smallest & least abundant
neuroglia of the CNS

A

MICROGLIA

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29
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
• functions:
✓ protect against
microorganisms
✓ clear away debris of dead
cells

A

MICROGLIA

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30
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
• or “ependyma”
• ciliated cells
• line the fluid-filled cavities
of CNS (ventricles of brain
& central canal of spinal
cord)

A

EPENDYMAL CELLS

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31
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
• function: produce
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) &
assist in its circulation

A

EPENDYMAL CELLS

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32
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE CNS
• cells whose branches wrap
around axons of CNS
neurons

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES

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33
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE PNS
• surround all axons in the
PNS

A

SCHWANN CELLS

34
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE PNS
• functions:
✓ make myelin sheath of
PNS neurons
✓ aid in axon repair

A

SCHWANN CELLS

35
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE PNS
a. SCHWANN CELLS
•the sheath
around PNS axons formed
by the cytoplasm & nuclei
of Schwann cells; is
essential for the
regeneration of damaged
PNS neurons

A

NEUROLEMMA

36
Q

NEUROGLIA OF THE PNS
• functions:
✓ provide support &
nutrition
✓ regulate exchange of
substances to & from PNS
neurons

A

SATELLITE CELLS

37
Q

• Amitotic & have limited
ability to repair themselves
• High metabolic rate

A

PROPERTIES OF NEURONS

38
Q

PROPERTIES OF NEURONS
•ability to respond to a stimulus
& convert it into a nerve impulse

A

IRRITABILITY OR EXCITABILITY

39
Q

PROPERTIES OF NEURONS
•ability to transmit the impulse to
other neurons, muscles or glands

A

CONDUCTIVITY

40
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
•or “soma”
• contains the nucleus & other
cellular organelles (rough ER,
mitochondria, etc.)

41
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• metabolic center of the
neuron
• any part of the neuron
detached from the soma will
degenerate

42
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• branches of a neuron
• also called “nerve fibers”
• collective name for the axon
& dendrites

43
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• shorter, numerous branches
of the neuron
• together w/ the cell body, are
the receiving or input parts
of the neuron

44
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• longer branch of the neuron
• conduct nerve impulses to
another neuron or an
effector organ

45
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• site where impulses begin

A

AXON HILLOCK

46
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• ending of axon where it
meets another cell

A

AXON TERMINAL

47
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURON• a many-layered covering
composed of lipid & protein
• insulates the axon of a
neuron & increases the speed
of nerve impulse conduction

A

MYELIN SHEATH

48
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• axons with a myelin sheath
are said to be myelinated &
those without it are said to
be unmyelinated

A

MYELIN SHEATH

49
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• are gaps in the myelin sheath
that appear as intervals along
the axon

A

NODE OF RANVIER

50
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• the functional junction bet.
two neurons or bet. a neuron
& an effector, such as a
muscle or gland

51
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• presynaptic neuron: the
neuron before the synapse
• postsynaptic neuron: the
neuron after the synapse

52
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• tiny sacs contained in the
axon terminals that store
neurotransmitters

A

SYNAPTIC VESICLES

53
Q

Parts & Related Structures of NEURONS
• molecules released from
synaptic vesicles w/c serve as
the means of communication
at a synapse (since neurons
do not actually touch each
other)

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

54
Q

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
OF NEURONS
• or “afferent neurons “
• carry impulses from sensory
receptors to the CNS
• can be SOMATIC or
AUTONOMIC

55
Q

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
OF NEURONS
• or “efferent neurons “
• carry impulses from the
CNS to effector organs
• can be SOMATIC or
AUTONOMIC

56
Q

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
OF NEURONS
• or “association neurons “
• only found in the CNS
• connect motor & sensory
neurons & integrate
impulses

A

INTERNEURONS

57
Q

COLLECTIONS of Nervous Tissue
• clusters of cell bodies of
neurons within the CNS
• called a “center” if with the
same function

58
Q

COLLECTIONS of Nervous Tissue
• singular: ganglion
• clusters of cell bodies of
neurons in the PNS

59
Q

COLLECTIONS of Nervous Tissue
• bundles of nerve fibers in
the CNS

60
Q

COLLECTIONS of Nervous Tissue
• bundles of nerve fibers in
the PNS

61
Q

COLLECTIONS of Nervous Tissue
• dense collection of
myelinated fibers (tracts)
in the CNS

A

WHITE MATTER

62
Q

COLLECTIONS of Nervous Tissue
• dense collection of
unmyelinated
fibers & nuclei in
the CNS

A

GRAY MATTER

63
Q

Connective Tissue Components of Nerves
• encloses the entire nerve

A

EPINEURIUM

64
Q

Connective Tissue Components of Nerves
• covers bundles of axons
called nerve fascicles

A

PERINEURIUM

65
Q

Connective Tissue Components of Nerves
• covers each axon in one
nerve fascicle

A

ENDONEURIUM

66
Q

TYPES OF CONDUCTION
• occurs in unmyelinated axons
• each adjacent segment of the
plasma membrane
depolarizes & generates an
action potential that
depolarizes the next patch of
the membrane

A

CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION

67
Q

TYPES OF CONDUCTION
• a faster type of conduction
that occurs in myelinated
axons
• the nerve impulse literally
jumps or leaps, from node to
node along the length of the
fiber

A

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

68
Q

FACTORS Affecting Nerve
Impulse Conduction
• Axons with large diameters
conduct impulses faster than
those with small diameters

A

DIAMETER OF THE AXON

69
Q

FACTORS Affecting Nerve
Impulse Conduction
• Myelinated axons conduct
impulses faster than
unmyelinated axons

A

PRESENCE OF MYELIN SHEATH

70
Q

FACTORS Affecting Nerve
Impulse Conduction
• Axons conduct impulses at
higher speeds when warmed
and at lower speeds when
cooled

A

TEMPERATURE

71
Q

FACTORS Affecting Nerve
Impulse Conduction
• Continuous pressure →  blood
flow →  delivery of O2 &
nutrients →  impulse
conduction

72
Q

CLASSIFICATION of
Neurotransmitters

A

EXCITATORY
INHIBITORY

73
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS
& their Actions
• stimulates skeletal muscle
contraction (excitatory at
neuromuscular junctions)
• may be excitatory or
inhibitory at ANS synapses

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

74
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS
& their Actions
• generally inhibitory

A

GAMMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

75
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS
& their Actions
• may be excitatory or
inhibitory at ANS synapses

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

76
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS
& their Actions
• may be excitatory - active
during emotional responses,
addictive behaviors, &
pleasurable experiences
• may be inhibitory - help in
the regulation of skeletal
muscle tone and movement

77
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS
& their Actions
• generally inhibitory –
involved in control of mood
& onset of sleep

78
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS
& their Actions
• excitatory – involved in pain
perception

A

SUBSTANCE P

79
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS
& their Actions
• generally inhibitory – reduce
pain by inhibiting substance P
release

A

ENDORPHINS

80
Q

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS
& their Actions
• inhibitory in PNS - promotes
vasodilation

A

NITRIC OXIDE

Nervous (3 decks)

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