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EQUINE-ICBP > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

horse SC formula

A

C7T18L6S5Cy15-21

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2
Q

protective covering of brain and SC

A

meninges

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3
Q

most logical and efficient neurologic exam approach

A

craniocaudal or head to tail

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4
Q

12 CN

A

OOOTTAFVGVAH (Only One Of The Two Athletes Felt Very Good, Victorious, And Healthy)

1 - olfactory (S)
2 - optic (S)
3 - oculomotor (M)
4 - trochlear (M)
5 - trigeminal (B)
6 - Abducens (M)
7 - Facial (B)
8 - Vestibulocochlear (S)
9 - glossopharyngeal (B)
10 - Vagus (B)
11 - Accessory (M)
12 - hypoglossal (M)
*S - Sensory
*M - Motor
*B - both

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5
Q

CNs involved in pupillary light reflex

A

2 & 3

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6
Q

CNs involved in palpebral reflex

A

5 & 7

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7
Q

CNs involved in gag refelx

A

9 & 10

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8
Q

network of nerves w/ both sensory and reflex component

A

reflex

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9
Q

grade of recumbent equine patient

A

Grade 5 (0 = no deficit)

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10
Q

asymmetry causes nerve damage → _______________

A

denervation atrophy

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11
Q

mm. that dilates nostrils

A

dilator naris lateralis (innervated by facial nerve)

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12
Q

CNs involved in swallowing reflex

A

5, 7, 9, 10

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13
Q

what is check during menace exam?

A

blink reflex

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14
Q

they response to poking

A

nose, eyes corner, ears

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15
Q

reflex causes contraction of cutaneous trunci mm. and is elicited by pinching or pricking the skin at the flank/body of the horse

A

panniculus reflex

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16
Q

gives our horses the ability to walk without thinking about where they are placing their feet, but also to provide stability to maintain balance and stay upright, perform fine movements and make precise and sudden changes if the situation changes

A

proprioception

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17
Q

T/F: equine herpesvirus and equine encephalitis are not present in PH

A

T

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18
Q

backward trots

A

backing

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19
Q

malformation of the vertebrae in the neck

A

Wobbler syndrome

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20
Q

neurologic exams performed in horses

A
  1. CN exam
  2. FL, trunk, cutaneous trunci reflex (panniculus reflex)
  3. HL
  4. gait
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21
Q

T/F: horse feels pain because of pinching its skin is normal

A

T (no pain elicited is abnormal)

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22
Q

T/F: when horse moves away upon doing acupuncture meridians is normal

A

F - don’t move and no soreness

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23
Q

occurs when a fly lands somewhere on the trunk of the horse and the sensory receptors of the hair and skin in the immediate area will send signals to the Panniculus Carnosus muscle causing it to twitch and vibrate to remove the invader

A

fly twitch response

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24
Q

abnormal fly twitch reflex

A

5/5

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25
Q

mm. checked during tail tone

A

sphincter mm.

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26
Q

abnormal proprioception test

A

> 2-5 s

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27
Q

test where tail is grabbed to check strength

A

sway test
- normal: strong resistance
- abnormal: loses balance

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28
Q

paired CNs originate from ___________

A

brainstem

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29
Q

problems in the neck and FL indicate problem in ______________

A

upper SC

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30
Q

problems in the torso, HL, anus, tail indicate ___________

A

peripheral nerve problem

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31
Q

autoimmune disease in which the connections between nerve and muscle are blocked and weakness results

A

myasthenia gravis (can use blood tests for diagnosis)

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32
Q

blood tests can check

A

metabolic disorders
poisonings
mm. disorder infxn
myasthenia gravis

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33
Q

CSF analysis results indicate:
1. increased protein = ?
2. blood = ?
3. high WBC = ?

A
  1. encephalitis, meningitis, cancer, compressive injury
  2. bleeding
  3. infxn, internal bleeding
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34
Q

measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve’s stimulation of the muscle

A

electromyography

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35
Q

invasive imaging technology that produces three dimensional detailed anatomical images

A

MRI

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36
Q

medical test used to measure the electrical activity of the brain

A

electroencephalogram - can diagnose hydrocephalus, meningitis, head injury, brain tumor, seizure

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37
Q

electric current is tested in the auditory receptors in the ears; deafness

A

BAER (brainstem auditory evoked response)

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38
Q

tx for
1. seizures
2. inflam
3. edema

A
  1. anticonvulsant (diazepam)
  2. corticosteroid
  3. mannitol IV
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39
Q

T/F: all congenital disorders are not hereditary

A

T - some are caused by environmental factors

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40
Q

environmental factors

A

toxins, viral infxn, poisonings, ingestion of toxic plants

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41
Q

cerebral disorders affect ________

A

forebrain

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42
Q

T/F: peripheral nerve and mm. disorders are common in horses

A

F - not common

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43
Q

REM sleep disorder

A

narcolepsy - cause is unknown

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44
Q

T/F: narcolepsy is a cerebral disorder

A

T

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45
Q

breed predilection of narcolepsy

A

Lipizzaners
Miniature horses
Shetland ponies
Suffolks

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46
Q

characterized by transient episodes of voluntary muscle weakness precipitated by intense emotion

A

cataplexy

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47
Q

T/F: all narcoleptic horses exhibit cataplexy

A

F

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48
Q

drug that induces cataplexy

A

atropine and physostigmine

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49
Q

neuropeptide responsible for wakefulness, sleep activity, and arousal

A

hypocretin (orexin)

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50
Q

T/F: narcolepsy is rare in horses

A

T

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51
Q

narcolepsy tx

A

imipramine

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52
Q

a peripheral nerve and mm. disorder and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait

A

HYPP (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis)

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53
Q

muscle twitching

A

fasciculation

54
Q

HYPP breed predilection

A

Quarter Horses
American Paint horses
Appaloosas
Quarter Horse crossbreeds

55
Q

T/F: HYPP CSs appear between 1-2 years of age

A

F - 2-3 years

56
Q

HYPP factors

A
  • potassium-rich diets (alfalfa hay, molasses, electrolytes, kelp based supplements)
  • anesth
  • withholding food
  • trailer rides
57
Q

definitive diagnosis of HYPP

A

DNA testing

58
Q

T/F: HYPP is characterized with hyperkalemia, hypocencentration, hypernatremia

A

F - hyperkalemia, hyperconcentration (low plasma), hyponatremia

59
Q

HYPP management

A
  1. mild - exercise, feeding grain or corn syrup, insulin
  2. severe - calcium gluconate or dextrose, sodium bicarbonate
  3. recurrent - acetazolamide, hydrochlorothiazide
60
Q

surgery for HYPP that relieves airways due to mm. paralysis

A

tracheostomy

61
Q

horse w/ HYPP’s dietary potassium should be lowered to _________

A

0.6-1.1%

62
Q

peripheral nerve dz

A
  1. degen dz - stringhalt, equine laryngeal paralysis
  2. dz caused by toxins - botulism, shaker foal syndrome, ionophore toxicity
63
Q

involuntary exaggerated hyperflexion of hindlimbs, snapping towards abdomen

A

bunny hopping

64
Q

other term for stringhalt

A

equine degenerative hypertonia

65
Q

is stringhalt a blemish or unsoundness?

A

unsoundness

66
Q

stringhalt tx

A

surgical resection of the lateral digital extensor

67
Q

stringhalt associated with plant ingestion (ingestion of flat weed (Hypochaeris radicata) or false dandelion)

A

Acquired or Australian stringhalt (not exclusive to Aus) - sporadic

68
Q

stringhalt associated with injury and resolves on its own

A

idiopathic or true/classical stringhalt

69
Q

stringhalt tx (not always 100%)

A
  1. myotenectomy of LDE
  2. phenytoin - anticonvulsant
  3. acepromazine - tranquilizer
70
Q

T/F: equine laryngeal paralysis is common in males and large breeds of horses

A

T

71
Q

causative agent of shaker foal syndrome (botulism)

A

C. botulinum (from rotting carcass and vegetation)

72
Q

botulism definitive diagnosis

A

toxicology

73
Q

most toxin can be eliminated via ______

A

fluid therapy

74
Q

shaker foal sydrome tx

A

supportive therapy

75
Q

T/F: there is vax for shaker foal syndrome

A

T - especially in endemic areas

76
Q

animals that die of botulism is caused by?

A

cardiac or respi problem due to paralysis of mm.

77
Q
  • ionophore toxicity
  • antiprotozoal drug mixed w/ feeds
A

monensin
- but horses are sensitive to even low levels
- often fatal to tx

78
Q

3 forms of organophosphate poisoning (use of pesticides, insecticides)

A
  1. acute - DUMBBELSS
  2. intermediate - generate mm. weakness; dilated pupils
  3. delayed - degen or nerves
79
Q

rolling indicates

A

colic or abdominal pain

80
Q

gait of horse w/ organophosphate poisoning

A

circling

81
Q

DUMBBELSS

A

Diarrhea
Urination
Myosis
Bradycardia
Bronchospasm
Excitation of skeletal mm
Lacrimation
Salivation
Sweating

82
Q

in acute form, impaired breakdown of acetylcholine → _________

A

cholinergic crisis

83
Q

atrophy of suprascapularis causing swinging of shoulder

A

sweeney

84
Q

causative agent of equine infectious anemia

A

genus Lentivirus, fam Retroviridae (monocyte-macrophage)

85
Q

mechanical vectors of equine infectious anemia (similar to CAE and Maedi visna)

A

stable flies (Stomoxys), horseflies (Tabanus), deer flies (Chrysops)

86
Q

equine infectious anemia can also be transmitted _________

A

iatrogenically via contaminated needles (bloodborne infxn)

87
Q

test for equine infectious anemia

A

Coggins test or Agar gel immunodiffusion test

88
Q

T/F: there is vax against equine infectious anemia

A

F - no vax and tx; just euthanize to prevent spread
- on race track, negative test is required

89
Q

T/F: equine infectious anemia is zoonotic

A

F - not zoonotic

90
Q

countries free from equine infectious anemia

A

Japan, Iceland

91
Q

causative agent of EHV-1

A

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1

92
Q

EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy transmission

A

nasal secretion, aborted fetus, placenta

93
Q

other term for EHV-1

A

equine abortion virus, equine viral rhinopneumonitis

94
Q

EHV-1 has a preference for __________

A

BVs in repro and nervous systems

95
Q

paralysis in the HL

A

sling (use supportive tx)

96
Q

EHV-1 tx

A

antipyretics
antibiotics
valacyclovir

97
Q

perivascular cuffing indicates ___________

A

hemorrhage around nerves; accumulation of inflam cells

98
Q

contraindicated to herpesvirus

A

corticosteroids

99
Q

viral dz causes inflam in SC and brain

A

rabies

100
Q

T/F: rabies is zoonotic

A

T

101
Q

rabies form characterized by distress and agitation

A

furious form

102
Q

rabies form characterized by paralysis of jaw and throat mm

A

paralytic form

103
Q

common and indicative of paralysis

A

drooping of lower jaw

104
Q

commonly used and fastest diagnostic test for rabies

A

direct fluorescent antibody test

105
Q

rabies tx

A

none - euthanize

106
Q

fungal dz causing SC infxn

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

107
Q

drug of choice for Cryptococcus neoformans

A

fluconazole

108
Q

T/F: Cryptococcus can affect dogs and cats

A

T

109
Q

causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

A

Sarcocystis neurona - primary
S. neospora

110
Q

transmission of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

A

ingestion of sporocyst

111
Q

tx for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

A
  1. ponazuril
  2. diclazuril
  3. sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine - prolonged used may lead to anemia
112
Q

T/F: alfalfa hay or green pasture prevents anemia

A

T

113
Q

immunomodulator drug

A

levamisole

114
Q

T/F: trapping opossums is effective management for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

A

F - not

115
Q

Verminous myelitis and encephalitis

A
  1. Setaria - eye worm
  2. Halicephalobus deletriz
  3. Strongylus vulgaris
116
Q

causative agent of tetanus

A

C. tetani

117
Q

the 3rd eyelid of horse w/ tetanus is _______

A

sunken

118
Q

tetanus stiffness can be __________

A
  1. localized
  2. generalized
119
Q

IP of tetanus

A

10-14d

120
Q

tetanus death is due to

A

paralysis of respi system

121
Q

tetanus prevention

A

immunization (tetanus toxoid, antitoxin)
1. mares - last 6 wks of pregnancy
2. foals - 5-8 wks of age
3. Booster - after 1 year

122
Q

T/F: horse w/ tetanus must be kept in a dark and quiet stall

A

T - hypersensitive (light stimulation can trigger spasm)

123
Q

arboviral dz

A

equine viral encephalomyelitis

124
Q

other term for equine viral encephalomyelitis

A

equine arboviral encephalomyelitis
- can eliminate w/ presenting CS
- zoonotic

125
Q

Group of viral disorders (birds)

A
  1. West Nile - less severe
  2. Eastern equine - more severe
  3. Western equine - less severe
  4. Venezuela equine - more severe
126
Q

humans CS include ________

A

mild flu-like to death especially in immunocompromised and elderly; can have permanent neurologic damage

127
Q

diagnosis of equine viral encephalomyelitis

A
  1. CS
  2. detection of antibodies IgM
128
Q

other term for neonatal encephalopathy

A

neonatal maladjustment syndrome
hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
dummy foal syndrome

129
Q

tx for neonatal encephalopathy

A

Madigan foal squeeze technique
- apply pressure to thorax
- mimic pelvic canal

130
Q

tx for those w/ slow suckle response to pass Abs to foal

A

plasma transfusion

EQUINE-ICBP (2 decks)

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