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FINALS - HISTO > NERVOUS > Flashcards

NERVOUS Flashcards

1
Q

One of the body’s major integration and control systems, the other is the endocrine system

A

Nervoys system

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2
Q

Three overlapping functions of nervous system

A
  1. Sensory receptors monitor changes inside and outside the body
  2. CNS Processes and interprets sensory input
  3. Dictates a response by activating effector organs
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3
Q

the process of transmitting stimuli is called

A

nerve impulses

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4
Q

2 basic divisions of nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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5
Q

2 components of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

the integrating and command center

A

CNS

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7
Q

______ integrates the stimuli and formulates appropriate responses that are related to effectors cells, tissue and organ by the PNS

A

CNS

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8
Q

composed of Nerves extending from brain and spinal cord

A

PNS

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9
Q

2 nerves found in PNS

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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10
Q

it links all body regions of the body to the CNS

A

PNS

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11
Q

_______includes all neurons associated with muscle, skin, and sense organs

A

Somatic nervous system / Somatic body region

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12
Q

____ is composed of all neurons which are concerned with the regulation of visceral organs.

A

Visceral/autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

Consist of neurons responsible for reception of sensory stimuli from the external environment

A

Somatic sensory/ Somatic afferent

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14
Q

Somatic sensory:
receptors are widely spread. Touch, pain, vibration, pressure, and temperature

A

General somatic senses

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15
Q

Somatic sensory:
detect stretch in tendons and muscle;

A

Proprioceptive sensory

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16
Q

stretch receptor

A

Proprioceptive sensory

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17
Q

position and movement of body in space

A

Body sense

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18
Q

such as hearing, balance, vision, and smell

A

Special somatic senses

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19
Q

Widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts, reproductive organs

A

General visceral senses

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20
Q

the only special visceral senses

A

taste

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21
Q

signals contraction of skeletal muscles

A

General somatic motor

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22
Q

Often called voluntary nervous system

A

Somatic motor

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23
Q

visceral motor is also called as

A

autonomic efferent

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24
Q

Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and gland secretion

A

visceral motor

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25
Q

Makes up autonomic nervous system

A

visceral motor

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26
Q

“involuntary nervous system”

A

visceral motor

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27
Q

describe the cells of nervous tissue

A

cell are densely packed and intertwined

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28
Q

2 main cell types of nervous system

A

neurons and supporting cells (neuroglial cells)

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29
Q

principal cells of nervous system

A

neurons

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30
Q

Size of neuron compared to neuroglial cells

A

larger

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31
Q

number of neurons compared to supporting cells

A

less abundant

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32
Q

surround and wrap neurons

A

neuroglial cells

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33
Q

are non excitable, small and more abundant compared to neurons

A

supporting cells or neuroglial cells

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34
Q

● Basic structural unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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35
Q

Specialized cells conduct electrical impulses along the plasma membrane

A

neurons

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36
Q

can live and function for a lifetime. But neurons are terminally differentiated cells, they are incapable of cell division

A

longevity

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37
Q

In neurons, only th e___ and ___ are capable of regeneration

A

axons and dendrites

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38
Q

exceptions in mitosis

A

neural stem cells

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39
Q

It require high abundant of ___ and ____

A

oxygen and glucose

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40
Q

the cell body or soma is also called as

A

perikaryon

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41
Q

Clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes

A

Chromatophilic bodies

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42
Q

Chromatophilic bodies is also called as

A

Nissl bodies

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43
Q

Would appear granular masses and are very prominent in the neuroplasm

A

Chromatophilic bodies (Nissl bodies)

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44
Q

what organelle is also present in all neurons

A

Golgi complex

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45
Q

In neurons, the __and ___ are involved in the synthesis of proteins that are very important in maintaining structural and metabolic integrity of the cell

A

Nissl bodies and golgi complex

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46
Q

They synthesized the protein component of neurotransmitters

A

Nissl bodies and golgi complex

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47
Q

internal support for the cell

A

cytoskeleton

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48
Q

Examples of cytoplasmic organelles found in the neuron are the ___; that would help in preventing degeneration of neurons.

A

peroxisomes

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49
Q

the source of microtubule that form part of cytoskeleton

A

centrosome

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50
Q

bundles of intermediate filaments

A

Neurofibrils

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51
Q

Form a network between chromatophilic bodies

A

Neurofibrils

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52
Q

The cytoskeleton of neurons is formed by three types which are the;

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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53
Q

It provides internal support for the cell

A

Neurofibrils

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54
Q

Helps to fix the diameter of dendrites and axon

A

Neurofibrils

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55
Q

Strengthen synapses.

A

Neurofibrils

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56
Q

are points of contact between the neuron and other cells.

A

Synapses

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57
Q

where can we found cell body of neurons?

A

in CNS

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58
Q

clusters of cell bodies in PNS

A

ganglia

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59
Q

collection of cell bodies of neurons found in PNS

A

ganglia

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60
Q

___is the counterpart of ganglia found in CNS

A

nucleus

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61
Q

In the ganglion, each neuron is surrounded by supporting cells known as the _____

A

satellite cells

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62
Q

iT Extensively branching from the cell body

A

dendrites

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63
Q

Transmit electrical signals (graded potentials) TOWARDS the cell body

A

dendrites

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64
Q

Function as receptive sites

A

dendrites

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65
Q

do dendrites have Golgi complex?

A

They don’t have it

66
Q

axon is also called as

A

nerve fibers

67
Q

Impulse generator and conductor

A

Axon (nerve fibers)

68
Q

Transmits action potentials away from the cell body

A

axon

69
Q

Does axon have chromatophilic bodies?

A

none

70
Q

2 forms of axonal transport

A
  1. Anterograde
  2. Retrograde
71
Q

more common; involves movement of substances from perikaryon to axon terminals

A

anterograde

72
Q

involves transport of substances from axon terminals to perikaryon

A

retrograde

73
Q

terminal branches at the end of axon are called

A

telodendria

74
Q

The multiple branches at the end of axon that ends in knobs are called

A

axon terminals

75
Q

myelinated axon are called

A

node of ranvier

76
Q

It is Generated at the initial segment of the axon, conducted along the axon, it also releases neurotransmitters at axon terminals.

A

Nerve impulses (action potential)

77
Q

it excite or inhibit neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

78
Q

● Point of contact between neuron and another cell

A

synapse

79
Q

Site at which neurons communicate

A

synapse

80
Q

2 types of neuron that participate in synapse

A
  1. Presynaptic neuron and 2. Postsynaptic neuron
81
Q

a type of neuron in synapse that Conducts signal toward a synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

82
Q

a type of neuron that communicate the impulse in synapse

A
  1. Presynaptic neuron
83
Q

a type of neuron in synapse that Transmits electrical activity away from a synapse

A

postsynaptic neuron

84
Q

a type of neuron in synapse that Receives the impulse

A

postsynaptic neuron

85
Q

types of synapses

A

axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic & dendrodendritic & and dendro somatic.

86
Q

a type of synapse that is - Between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another

A

axodendritic

87
Q

a type of synapse that is Between axons and neuronal cell bodies

A

axosomatic

88
Q

2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted

A

electrical synapse and chemical synapse

89
Q

2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted:

conisst if gap junctions similar to those found in epithelial cells

A

electrical synapse

90
Q

2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted:

they enables neighboring neurons to communicate with each other by allowing the cells to exchange molecules and small ions; facilitates exchange if substance

A

electrical synapse

91
Q

2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted:

neurotransmitteter is responsible, more common

A

chemical synapse

92
Q

2 categories based on how impulses are transmitted:

the nerve impulses is transmitted from one neuron to another cell by means of chemical substance known as the neurotransmitters.

A

chemical synapse

93
Q

structural classification of neurons

A

based on number of processes:
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, pseudounipolar

94
Q

structural classification of neuron:

arises from single axon that splits, f

A

pseudounipolar

95
Q

where can we only found a pseudounipolar?

A

cranial ganglia

96
Q

structural classification of neuron:

it possess more than two processes

A

mutipolar

97
Q

structural classification of neuron:
numerous denderites and one axon

A

multipolar

98
Q

structural classification of neuron:
most abundant

A

multipolar

99
Q

structural classification of neuron: possess 2 processes

A

bipolar

100
Q

structural classification of neuron:
single axon single dendrite

A

bipolar

101
Q

where can we commoonly found a bipolar neuron?

A

retina of the eyes

102
Q

where can we found some rare neurons?

A

in some sensopry organs

103
Q

structural classification of neuron:
consist only one axon

A

unipolar

104
Q

give the 3 functional classification of neurons

A

based on direction of action potential:

afferents/sensory
efferents/motor
interneurons/association

105
Q

functional classification of neurons:

transmit impulses toward the CNS

A

afferent/sensory neurons

106
Q

functional classification of neurons:
virtually all are pseudounipolar some are true bi[polar

A

afferent

107
Q

functional classification of neurons:
carry impulses away from the CNS

A

efferent neurons

108
Q

most efferent neurons are waht type of structual neuron?

A

multipolar

109
Q

the cell bodies of efferent neurons are in the

A

CNS

110
Q

Interneurons are called

A

associated n neurons

111
Q

functional classification of neurons:
it lie between afferent and efferent neurons

A

interneurons

112
Q

functional classification of neurons:
involve in integration and appropriate response

A

interneurons

113
Q

examples of interneurons

A

Purkinje cell, stellate cell, granule cell, and basket cell, and pyramidal cell

114
Q

interneurons located in cerebellum

A

Purkinje cell, stellate cell, granule cell, and basket cell

115
Q

interneurons found in cerebral cortex

A

pyramidal cell

116
Q

how many glial cells found in CNS?

A

4

117
Q

how many glial cells found in PNS?

A

2

118
Q

it makes up the ha;lf mass o fthe brains

A

supporting cells

118
Q

it makes up the ha;lf mass o fthe brains

A

supporting cells

119
Q

supporting cells found found in CNS

A

astrocytes, , microglia, ependymanl cells, oligodendrocytes

120
Q

most abundant glial cell types

A

astrocytes

121
Q

take up and release ions to control the environment

A

astrocytes

122
Q

recapture and recycle neurotratransmitters

A

astrocytes

123
Q

Involved with synapse formation in developing neural tissue

A

astrocytes

124
Q

● Produce molecules necessary for neural growth

A

astrocytes

125
Q

Propagate calcium signals that may be involved in memory

A

astrocytes

126
Q

Largest and most numerous glial cells

A

astrocytes

127
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A

Protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes

128
Q

___ astrocytes are found mainly within gray matter of the braina nd spinal cord, they have abundant cytoplasma dn their nucleus is bigger

A

protoplasmic

129
Q

___ astrocytes have longer and slender processes and found mainly in white matter

A

fibrous

130
Q

smallest and least abundant sglial cells

A

microglia

131
Q

the macrophages of CNS

A

microglia

132
Q

Considered as phagocytic cells that would show many properties with tissue macrophages. They would remove cellular debris from sites of injury.

A

microglia

133
Q

Line the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain

A

ependymal cells

134
Q

distint characteristic if ependymal cells

A

It has cillia

135
Q

cilia in ependymal cells helps in circulcirculating ___

A

cerebrospinal fluid

136
Q

ependymal cells - epithelium tissue type

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

137
Q

They would also form the secretory epithelial lining of choroid plexuses that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

138
Q

____ are composed of few branches and ROUNDED

A

oligodendrocytes

139
Q

Wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

140
Q

Produce myelin sheaths

A

oligodendrocytes

141
Q

where can we found oligodendrocytes?

A

in white matter of CNS

141
Q

where can we found oligodendrocytes?

A

in white matter of CNS

142
Q

2 supporting cells in the PNS

A

satellite cells and schwann cells

143
Q

counterpart of astrocytes that surround the cell bodies of neurons

A

satellite cells

144
Q
  • surround axons in the PNS
A

schwann cells

145
Q

schwann cells are also called as

A

neurolemmocytes

146
Q
  • form myelin sheath around axons of the PNS
A

schwann cells

147
Q
  • form myelin sheath around axons of the PNS
A

schwann cells

148
Q

shape of schwann cells

A

spindle

149
Q

All axons are enveloped by a sheath of cell known as ____

A

neurilemmal sheath

150
Q

what lies internal to schwann sheath

A

myelin sheath

151
Q

In the CNS, the collection of nerve fibers is referred to as .

A

nerve tracts

152
Q

Whereas, in the PNS it is called _____

A

peripheral nerves

153
Q
  • layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon
A

endoneurium

154
Q
  • the nerve fibers that comprise a nerve on individual wrapped by delicate connective tissue
A

endoneurium

155
Q
  • the nerve fibers that comprise a nerve on individual wrapped by delicate connective tissue
A

endoneurium

156
Q
  • groups of axons bound into bundles
A

nerve fascicles

157
Q
  • connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle
A

perineurium

158
Q
  • whole nerve is surrounded by tough fibrous sheath
  • enclosed by dense irregular connective tissue sheath
A

epineurium

159
Q

gray matter in the spinal cord looks like a what
?

A

butterfly (H-shaped)

160
Q

dorsal half of gray matter in the spinal coord consists of _

A

cell bodies of interneurons

FINALS - HISTO (5 decks)

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